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hi everybody my name is Alisha and today

I’m going to talk about prepositions of

time I’m going to talk about a few

prepositions we use when we’re talking

about time and time periods so let’s get

started okay so the first preposition of

time I want to talk about is on we use

on for days for example on Sunday on

Monday on Tuesday and we use on for the

weekend like on the weekend or on

weekends these are the two cases where

we use on as a preposition of time I

like to something something on Sunday I

like to something something on weekends

we use on in these two cases the second

preposition of time I want to talk about

for today is at so we use at when we

want to talk about a time and buy time I

mean o clock like 7 o’clock at 9 o’clock

at 10 o’clock we can also use at with

a.m. and p.m. like at 2:00 a.m. at 7

p.m. we use at to talk about a specific

point in time a specific number for

example we also use at with the

expression at night at night I like to

something something at night are usually

something something at night we always

use at in this case then I have one more

here the weekend you’ll see I used the

weekend for on here but in British

English I speak American English in

British English you might hear at the

weekend instead of on the weekend so at

the weekend is something you might hear

depending on where you are or depending

on the people with whom you study but

for me I prefer to use on the weekend ok

let’s talk about in next so we use in

for a lot of different cases as you can

see we use in four months like

September in October in November we use

it for seasons like in summer in spring

in fall we use it for expressions like

in the morning in the evening in the

afternoon as well in the morning in the

afternoon we also use in for periods of

time so minutes hours and years for

example so in five minutes in three

years in a few seconds if you want to

talk about a period of time you can use

in to explain that so we use in for a

lot of different cases the last thing I

want to talk about though is a situation

where you don’t need to use a

preposition at all when you use this

plus weekend like this weekend or this

morning or this evening or this month

this September this October you do not

need to use a preposition in this case

we’ll practice in just a moment but this

is a very common mistake if you use this

before one of these expressions you do

not need to include a preposition so

please be careful okay so with this

information I want to try a few example

sentences that I’ve prepared here the

first one is I have to leave something

something five minutes five minutes is a

period of time so we know the correct

preposition is in I have to leave in

five minutes is the correct answer here

next

what are you doing something something

December December so we know December is

a month we should use in in this case

what are you doing in December of course

by the way with this sentence we could

say what are you doing this December to

be very specific but in this case for a

preposition we should use in okay next

sentence I’ll meet you at the restaurant

6:00 p.m. 6:00 p.m. is a time a time so

we know that we should use at at 6:00

p.m. that’s

p.m. okay next your plane leave

something something two hours so two

hours again is a period of time a period

of time

therefore we should use in your plane

leaves in two hours is the correct

sentence here okay next they’re going to

France something something this summer

here is a big hint word this therefore

no preposition is needed in this case

they’re going to France this summer no

preposition here okay next he’s meeting

us in the station something something

noon so noon I’ve used the word noon

here but noon is a time

it means 12:00 p.m. yeah so because it’s

still a time we should use at at noon is

the correct sentence here

okay next can you meet me at the cafe

something something 2 p.m. so 2 p.m.

here we have another time at 2 p.m. is

the correct answer here ok

next I like going hiking something

something weekend’s weekend so we

learned over here that we use on to talk

about weekend’s weekend’s in this case

multiple weekends so I like going hiking

on weekends is the correct answer in

this case finally it’s hard for me to

wake up something something the morning

the morning so we saw here morning is

used with in hmm so in the morning is

the correct answer for this sentence so

with a little bit of practice and as you

use these phrases not just with a single

preposition but as you use these in

longer sentences and as part of phrases

it will become easier to remember which

is which and which one you should use at

which time so I hope this was useful for

you thanks very much for watching this

episode if you have any questions or

comments please let us know in a comment

below this video thanks very much for

watching and see you again soon right

today we’re going to

talk about prepositions of location and

movement so let’s get started okay so

the first preposition of location I want

to talk about is at we use at to talk

about exact specific locations so some

examples of this are at the supermarket

at the table at her desk

this means a person or an object is at

that specific place so for example I’m

at work

right now I’m at the office these are

specific points where people or objects

can be located so please use at to talk

about a specific location okay so let’s

go on to the next preposition of

location for now in we use in when we

want to talk about in closed locations

so locations which are surrounded or

when we’re surrounded by something else

something else is all around us or we

are enclosed within something so some

examples of this are in the pool we are

enclosed or surrounded by the pool in

the closet completely enclosed by the

closet in your bag your items are

enclosed by your bag and in the water so

when swimming in the ocean for example

we say in the water I’m in the water

for example now I’m in the office I’m in

a room I’m in my home city for example

so these are different ways we can use

the word in when we are enclosed or

surrounded by something please also

remember that in is used for countries

and cities I live in Bangkok I live in

Europe for example so please remember to

use in for countries and cities as well

as for locations that are enclosed or

when you’re surrounded by something else

okay so let’s talk about the next

preposition of location the next

preposition is by we use by when we want

to express something is near something

else near or close to something else so

for example by the park or by the coffee

shop by your computer by the table these

mean near something else we don’t know

exactly is it maybe next to in front of

behind we don’t know but it means simply

near something else so for example I’m

by the whiteboard right now I’m by a

chair I’m by a table these are ways we

can use by to express near or close to

okay so the next preposition I want to

talk about is a preposition of movement

actually the next two are prepositions

of movement the first one is in two so

in two is something we use to express

movement from an open location to a more

closed location so for example in to the

bank

walk into the bank or into the

refrigerator put food into the

refrigerator or into the suspects home

the police moved into the suspects home

in each case in two shows moving from an

open location to a more closed location

so because in is here you can imagine we

are moving to an enclosed location we

could say jump into the pool for example

or go into the closet put something into

your bag or go into the water so in this

way we can kind of think of in and to

being closely related but two shows us

the movement the relationship that

there’s some movement happening there

okay so let’s talk about the opposite

then of into which is out of so because

we use in to to talk about movement from

a more open place to an enclosed space

out of is used to talk about movement

from an enclosed space to a more open

space so for example out of the house or

out of the washing machine taking

clothes out of the washing machine out

of your purse take something out of your

purse so moving yourself moving a person

or moving an object from something that

is enclosed to a space that is more open

we use out of in this case okay so now

we know about five new prepositions of

location and movement

let’s try some example sentences okay

the first one she’s sitting something

something the table the table so here we

have the table I talked earlier about

this at the table with at yeah however

we can use by the table as well at the

table and by the table have slightly

different meanings though both are

correct at the table means she is

sitting in a chair directly in front of

the table she’s sitting at the table by

the table however could mean she’s next

to the table or she’s just near the

table by is a little bit less clear at

is very clear here to be very clear say

she’s sitting at the table to be less

clear maybe she’s somewhere near the

table used by okay so the next example

sentence is our company’s headquarters

is something something la la la meaning

Los Angeles here so we have a city name

yeah a city name Los Angeles we know

that we should use city names with in so

the answer here is in in LA okay the

next one he lives something something at

the supermarket so the supermarket is a

place and here we have the verb lives he

lives we know it’s not in because people

do not live in supermarkets probably not

at he lives at the supermarket also

doesn’t make any sense people do not

live at supermarkets however we can use

bye-bye so he lives by the supermarket

to mean he lives near the supermarket

okay so next one when we walked

something something the bank it was

raining okay so here we have the verb

walked and we have the bank so there’s a

motion happening yeah walking and then

the bank the preposition we should use

here it’s probably in two though out of

it could also be possible when we walked

into the bank

it was raining when we walked out of the

bank it was raining both sentences are

okay in this case it just depends on the

action you want to communicate

okay next one I need to run something

something the supermarket for milk okay

so here there’s an objective for milk

this person wants to buy milk so they

need to run something something the

supermarket so let’s use into moving

from outside the supermarket to inside

the supermarket a more enclosed space

into into the supermarket okay

next one is I have to be something

something the office until 6:00 p.m. so

here we have a specific location the

office the office so office is an

enclosed space yes which means we can

use in I have to be in the office until

6:00 p.m. but with work and with office

spaces we can also use at it’s an exact

location I have to be in the office or I

have to be at the office until 6:00 p.m.

both are correct here okay next I forgot

to take my phone something something

your bag okay so take this take motion

here is a really good hint there’s an

action happening so there’s a very good

chance we are moving something from a

from an enclosed location to a more open

location so I forgot to take my phone

out of your bag out of your bag is the

correct answer here finally I want to

get something something town so town is

yes it’s a location like in my town or

at my town however a big hint here is

get get we use get to reflect movement

sometimes and this phrase is a good one

to remember

get out of town get out of town

so get out of town means leave town go

to a different place outside of town so

I want to get out of town is the correct

answer here okay

so those are a few prepositions of

location and movement I hope that this

was useful for you if you have any

questions please be sure to leave them

in a comment below this video thanks

very much for watching this lesson and

we will see you again soon I wanna speak

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English class 101.com

today I’m going to talk about say tell

and speak I’m going to talk about the

differences between when we use these

and also give some examples of how to

use them as well so let’s go okay the

first one I want to talk about is say

say so we use say when we want to have a

very neutral feel to what we’re talking

about we use say when we report speech

we’re reporting information reporting

something we heard reporting something

someone else said to us so as I just use

the past tense of say is said please be

careful it is not say IDI say IDI it

should be said the spelling changes said

he said she said we said they said okay

so when we want to report speech we can

use the past tense like I’ve just done

for example he said dinner was delicious

this is a past tense statement so maybe

previously before the conversation

someone he said this statement dinner

was delicious think of this like a quote

dinner was delicious he said dinner was

delicious another example you said you

were tired you said you were tired so

again before the conversation the other

person said he or she was tired but here

to report you said you were tired and we

use the past tense say said to do that

okay one more with the present tense

then remember we use the present tense

when we’re talking about general facts

or things which are always true regular

actions so in this case I’ve used

present tense I said I never say mean

things so here I have present tense this

is a general fact in this case I never

say mean things so again a very neutral

way of talking about verbal

communication okay so that’s how we use

say an introduction to how we use say

then let’s talk about how to use till we

use tell a little bit differently from

the way that we use say so we use tell

when we want to show kind of a one-way

nuance there’s sort of one-way

communication happening so by that I

mean that someone is passing new

information or giving new information to

another person something I do not

already know I’m having someone tell me

someone is going to tell me new

information so we use this in past tense

a lot the past tense of tell is told he

told me she told me they told me this

gives us the nuance of new information

something I’m learning something I’m

hearing for the first time I can use

tell or told in past tense also one

point about to tell the object in many

cases is a person so by that I mean

after the verb

till the item coming after it in the

sentence is usually a person so the

person receiving the information so

please tell me please tell her please

tell him the person indicated here or

the group of people indicated here after

the verb tell that’s the person or the

group of people receiving the

information learning the information

okay so let’s see I told you to call me

here I have the past tense I told you to

call me so you this is the receiver of

the information I told you to call me I

asked you to call me here okay so this

is the report some some command we can

use tell and told to give commands I

told you to call me I gave you the new

request to call me in other words okay

one more a request this time can you

tell me where the bathroom is so here

tell me so this is a request for

information can you tell me where the

bathroom is I don’t know where the

bathroom is please give me new

information please tell me where it is

okay here we also use

present tense yeah so when your geek

when you’re making a requests please

make sure to use the present tense can

you tell me something one more why

didn’t you tell me

the party was cancelled another question

why didn’t you tell me

so you didn’t give me new information

about the party why why didn’t you tell

me

bla bla bla we can use this pattern for

if you miss information or if someone

forgot to tell you something if someone

forgot to give you information that you

needed you can say why didn’t you tell

me bla bla bla to make a different

sentence you could say why didn’t you

tell her or why didn’t you tell them why

didn’t you tell our boss some other

examples a positive sentence could be

why did you tell him why did you tell

her for example if someone tells a

secret so we can use tell to give new

information to pass new information

along okay so that’s tell so the next

verb that I want to talk about today is

the verb speak so will you speak to mean

a conversation yes so speak has the

nuance of a conversation but it has the

nuance of a more formal tone we would

use speak in more formal situations like

a business meeting or a work setting for

example or for maybe a more serious

conversation but we can use speak with

either with or two so I mean speak with

someone and speak to someone so the

difference between these two is very

very small if you say speak with my boss

it sounds like you expect a conversation

with your boss speaking with someone

sounds like there’s information passing

back and forth between the two of you

speak to your boss sounds more like for

example you’re going to say a lot of

things you’re going to give a lot of

information and your boss will

participate a little bit but there’s

more nuance of giving information than

passing information back and forth so if

you want to make a more conversational

nuance use with speak with someone if

you want it to sound a little more one

side

a little more one way you speak to

someone okay so we also use speak four

languages like I speak English I speak

French I speak Japanese I don’t speak

German I don’t speak Thai so please you

speak four languages as well the past

tense of speak is spoke please be

careful it is not speak to please use

spoke the past tense is spoke I spoke

English every day when I lived in

America for example so please use spoke

as the past tense here also the past

participle form is spoken spoken so

we’ll see that in a little bit maybe

okay so some example sentence is you

should speak with or to your boss so

here you can choose with sounds more

conversational to sounds a little more

direct you should speak with your boss

you should speak to your boss okay

past tense sentence I spoke with my

manager I spoke with my manager we

shared information last have you spoken

to HR have you spoken to HR here’s a

present perfect tense sentence I’ve used

spoken here okay good so that’s a nice

maybe a wrap up of a few different verbs

that are commonly confused when talking

about speech let’s go to some example

sentences all right

the first example sentence is my friend

something something me my cooking was

bad okay my cooking was bad this is

probably new information for a person

another hint we have me there’s a person

here in the object position of the

sentence so we can guess this should be

the verb tell however we have this hint

my cooking was bad was bad a past tense

so we should use the past tense form of

tell told here okay next one they

something something I have to work

tomorrow so here I have to work tomorrow

this is maybe just information it sounds

like somebody passed some information to

me so if I want to think of this as like

reporting speech I would use the verb

say in the past tense

so I know this should not be tell

because there’s no object here I know it

should not be speak because there’s no

width and there’s no two here either so

I know this should be they said I have

to work tomorrow

of course this sentence could be they

told me I have to work tomorrow it

sounds more like a command in that case

here they said I have to work tomorrow

it’s very neutral and just a simple

report of speech okay next one he really

needs to something something with his

client so here is a big hint word we

have the word with here and we also have

client here which shows maybe a business

or a work setting therefore we can guess

the verb should be speak he really needs

to speak with his client okay great next

one have you something something your

mother the news the news so here news is

a big hint new information new

information and we have a person a

person in the object position a person

is going to receive new information so

have you told your mother the news is

the correct sentence here so have you

told bla bla bla is actually a really

good sentence for you to remember have

you told your mom about that have you

told your dad about that have you told

your dog about your new park I don’t

know so anytime you want to pass

information or ask a question about

information being passed

please use tell to do that like we’ve

done here have you told someone okay

let’s go to the next one we something

something about this at the last meeting

so again meeting here is a big hint that

it is a work or a more formal situation

we see that this is the last meeting so

something that has finished already

so let’s use past tense spoke we spoke

about this at the last meeting we spoke

about this is the last meeting here I

have introduced something slightly

different from this speak with or speak

to if you want to mention a topic rather

than about a person we can use

about a topic speak about something hmm

we spoke about this at the last meeting

we can use speak to introduce a topic as

well so please note that this is an

option okay let’s go to the next one you

always bah bah bah nice things nice

thing so always here I have a word which

indicates a regular action something

that is always true we talked about an

example over here though I used never

here however the grammar is still the

same we should still use the same

grammar nuance the same grammar point

here so let’s use the present tense say

you always say nice things

so someone always says positive things

or someone always makes very positive

comments like for example everybody in

the comments on these videos everybody

always says very nice things we can use

always say to talk about something that

a person always says ok finally the same

thing he always something something the

truth ok now this is tricky I’ve used

always here

I used always in the previous one as

well but the thing I want to point out

is this the truth at the end of the

sentence there’s a set phrase in English

we don’t use say we actually use tell

with the expression the truth he always

tells the truth so the expressions tell

the truth and the opposite tell a lie we

always use the verb tell with this you

might hear I sometimes hear non-native

speakers of English they say a lie or

say the truth but this is not natural

please be sure to use tell the truth or

tell a lie we always use tell in these

cases so please be careful of that ok

but we’ve talked about a lot of

different ways to use these three verbs

and I hope that it’s a little bit more

clear now when to use them especially

say until many people have a little bit

of confusion between these two but speak

is also quite useful as well thanks very

much for watching this lesson and I will

see

you again soon bye hi everybody my name

is Alisha and today I’m going to talk

about the difference between some and

any so let’s get started okay the first

point I want to talk about with some and

any is how to use some and any in terms

of where to put these two words in a

sentence so we use some and any in the

same position in a sentence we use some

and any before the noun or before a noun

phrase so please be careful don’t use

some or any after the noun you should be

using some and any before the noun okay

so given this let’s take a look at how

to decide whether you should use some or

you should use any in your sentence all

right

first I want to talk about some we use

some in positive statements so these are

statements that do not have a negative

in them we use them for positive

statements a few examples here are I

need some butter here some is before the

noun in the next one we have some food

some comes before the word food the noun

a positive statement third they had some

good ideas so good ideas is used as a

noun phrase here good ideas some comes

before that noun phrase so these are a

few examples of positive statements we

can use some in positive statements

that’s the first point I want to make

second point I want to make is here it’s

about requests we use some in a couple

of different question patterns one of

them is making requests when we want to

make requests we can use some in the

request for example can I have some time

off we use some here because it’s a

request making a request to your boss

for example in this case we should use

some can I have some time off second

will you give me some space will you

give me space this is another request we

can tell will you give me this is a very

good hint that someone is asking for

something else a request should you

some finally can he take care of some

things for me can he take care of some

things for me in this case it’s asking

for someone’s help in a situation so

it’s a request we should use the word

some great ok so the second point I want

to talk about is using some four offers

to make offers we should use some again

offers like requests are a question this

is a question pattern where we should

use the word some to make the question

so in the first example would you like

some wine we use some here in the

pattern would you like this is a really

good pattern to know would you like some

bla bla bla

would you like some wine would you like

some beer would you like some a few

other things we’ll see in just a moment

but we should use some here because it’s

an offer type question one more example

do you want some cheese so these two

patterns would you like and do you want

they really are expressing the same

thing the difference is in the level of

formality

would you like is more formal than do

you want these two questions really they

have the same point there’s they’re

offering something but the the level of

formality is what’s different here okay

last one do you want some more time do

you want some more time so here again

and offer a more casual offer with do

you want and again we have some plus

more time so please make sure to use

some before the noun or before the noun

phrase and use it in your offer

questions as well as your request

questions so those are the two types of

questions I want to talk about today

when we’re using some also please

remember we use it in positive

statements as well okay so with that

let’s continue on to any I want to talk

about any next any is sort of the

opposite in terms of statement making

from some we use any in negative

statements so for example I don’t have

any

here I have don’t do not the negative

here I don’t have any money therefore is

correct we should use any in a negative

statement another example they didn’t

get any new clothes

they didn’t again here’s our negative

they didn’t did not so we should use any

before our noun phrase which is new

clothes here

finally we didn’t make any cookies here

didn’t is in the negative form again a

past tense statement plus any before our

noun here in this case cookies so please

use any when you want to make a negative

statement okay the last point I want to

make today is about questions we use any

with questions yes but we do not use any

in requests and offers we just learned

that we use some to make requests and

offers so in other questions like

information questions asking for

information not for a request not for an

offer but asking for information for

example we use any in these cases so

let’s take a look the first sentence do

we need any salt so this is an

information question yes or no do we

need any salt we should use this here

this is matter request this is not an

offer so any is the best choice for this

sentence in the next example we have

does he have any markers again this is

an information question the person

speaking is asking for information not

making a request and not making an offer

so we should use any here okay so the

final example here is did she give you

any tips so our noun phrase here is tips

and he comes before that and we notice

also this is not a request this is not

an offer so we should use any it’s an

information question we’re asking for

information so let’s keep this in mind

we use any four questions which are not

requests and not offers think about it

as asking for information only you’re

not making a request for help not making

a request for

an item but if you’re looking for

information you should probably use any

to make your question okay so let’s take

a look at a few examples sentences that

I’ve prepared the first one here is do

we have blah blah blah

milk so here I’m looking for information

I’m not making a request I’m not making

an offer I want information so I should

use any in this case do we have any milk

is the correct sentence here the next

one can I have love Oh black cake here

I’m looking for something I’m looking

for cake I want cake I’m making a

request I know that requests are paired

with some so I’m going to use a sum in

this sentence can I have some cake is

the correct sentence the correct

question the next one I really need

something something money I really need

something something money so this is a

statement not a question and there’s no

negative here so we should use the

positive sum I really need some money is

the correct sentence here all right

let’s take a look at the next sentence I

don’t have a baa-baa pets here is a

negative and we see this is not a

question so we know we should use any

because we use any for negative

statements this don’t do not shows us

that we should use any here okay next

one do you want something something

pizza so here we have a question and it

looks like this is an offer so there’s

this do you want pattern which we talked

about right here do you want so we

should use some this is an offer

question do you want some pizza making

an offer you should use some next

sentence wanna get bubble bought food

after work again we have a question and

we have this pattern wanna get wanna get

this is a very very casual form of do

you want to get do you want to get we’ve

dropped do you want to and we use the

very casual wanna here so it’s again an

offer question want to get some

food after work okay

next sentence he doesn’t have blah blah

blah friends so a statement yes but we

see a negative here doesn’t or does not

is the negative form so we know that we

should use any in this pattern in this

sentence he doesn’t have any friends

okay final question here maybe a

difficult one

are you sure you don’t want dessert

are you sure you don’t want dessert so

this isn’t quite an offer it’s like a

very very soft offer yes but this person

is sort of asking for information are

you sure you don’t want dessert they’re

asking for a yes or no kind of and

there’s a negative here there’s a

negative don’t I do not so it’s a good

idea in this sentence to use any are you

sure you don’t want any dessert this

sounds a little bit negative you’re sure

you don’t want any dessert if you want

to make a straightforward offer like

would you like some dessert that’s okay

it sounds a little bit better because

there’s a negative here with don’t to

use any in this sentence this is a

little bit tricky but I think it’s I

think it’s okay to use alright so those

are a few basic points about when to use

some and when to use any please remember

some is used for positive statements

requests and offers any is used for

negative statements and questions which

are not requests or offers like

information questions want to speak real

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English class 101.com

hi everybody my name is Alisha and today

I’m going to talk about the difference

between for and since I’m also going to

talk about how to use a go so let’s get

started okay the first thing I want to

talk about is the word for we use the

word for before a period of time so

before a period of time can mean minutes

it can mean years it can mean days

seconds hours a period of time or

length of time we use the word for

before that phrase to talk about the

length of time that something happens so

for example for 10 minutes we use it

before 10 minutes

for 5 years 5 years as a length of time

for a day a day is also a length of time

for a lifetime one one whole lifetime a

person’s whole lifetime can be a period

of time we use four before in this case

there’s also four an eternity and

eternity we can use this to mean a very

very long time it’s sort of an

exaggerated phrase but for an eternity

means a very very long time these are

all lengths of time then and we should

use the word four before we want to

express them okay so let’s talk about

something a little bit different then

the word since since is used before a

specific point in the past we often use

since with present perfect tense maybe

you’ve seen another video that we did

about the present perfect tense and how

to make present perfect tense sentences

we often use since in present perfect

tense sentences for is also used in

present perfect tense sentences but the

two are used a little bit differently

since is used to talk about a specific

point in the past a specific point in

the past may be where something happened

or something began so for example since

last night this shows us that since last

night

last night something happened or

something started and it’s continuing so

since shows us that something has been

continuing or the effect has been

continuing since a point in the past it

began at a point in the past and

continues or the effect continues until

the present since tells us all this

information another example since 2014

so this is the point in time 2014 is the

year at which something changed or an

action started or the effect of an

action began

so we can use since in this case another

point in time can be a season like

winter since winter since summer since

autumn we can use since before a season

we also have points in time in the day

since this morning since this evening

since last night was my first example

here we can also use morning this

morning this morning today as a point in

time finally I have one more example

since last week so points in time there

are a lot of different points in time

but just be careful length of time uses

for point in time uses since and since

shows us that there’s some action that’s

continuing or the effect of some action

continues until the present so please be

careful period of time point in time for

instance ok so the next point that I

want to talk about is a go there are a

couple of different ways that we can use

a go and the first one I want to talk

about is one we use for past tense

statements or past tense situations so

we use a go to talk about points in time

where actions or changes occurred so for

example three years ago I got a new job

or five minutes ago I ate lunch or two

days ago I saw my friend or two jobs ago

I didn’t have much experience so all of

these statements are used to talk about

a past tense point in time where

something changed or some action

occurred so we use a go in this way with

the past tense to mark a change or

something happening so there’s the

second use of ago that I want to talk

about we can use a go with since and a

time period this is something we often

use in present perfect tense statements

like we talked about here with sense

what I mean by that for example is since

• time period plus a go so for example

since three years ago or since five

minutes ago or since two months ago so

here you’ll see we’re using a

I’m period I know I said to use time

periods with four but this can be kind

of a useful pattern because if you use

the word since on accident but you want

to express a time period instead you can

save yourself by adding a go to the end

of it so if you’re if you’re working on

making a sentence for example and you

you’re speaking and you accidentally use

the word since even though you know you

want to use a time period save yourself

by attaching a go to the end so since

three years ago something has occurred

something has been continuing so because

since is here it shows us like we talked

about with sense here the action or some

effect of that action is continuing from

this point in time so we can use this

pattern as well since time period ago

okay so this is a lot of information

let’s try to make a few sentences I’ve

prepared a few example sentences so

let’s take a look alright the first one

we’ve lived here blah blah blah three

years so how do we know which to use

first we see we’ve we have we have lived

here this is a present perfect tense

sentence we’ve lived here plus three

years so I see a time period here that

means I should use four because we need

to use four before periods of time so

we’ve lived here for three years is the

correct sentence good okay let’s look at

the next one then they’ve been studying

blah blah blah 2014 so here I see a

point in time a point in time a specific

point in time and another really good

hint is the grammar here I see the

present perfect progressive or the

present perfect continuous tense here

they’ve meaning they have plus bin

studying

this shows a continuing action so all of

these give me hints about which one I

should use they’ve been studying since

2014 is the correct answer here next one

he left the office five minutes

something something okay here

we see this is a past tense statement he

left so left is the past tense form of

the verb to leave so we see here a

period of time five minutes yes but

after five minutes is our space meaning

we need to use ago five minutes ago we

always use a go after the period of time

okay next one I’ve been reading this

book bla bla bla last week so again we

see this bin reading this present

perfect continuous tense shows us an

action has been continuing this shows a

continuing action or a continuing effect

so we know we should use since I’ve been

reading this book since last week so

last week as we talked about here is our

specific point in time let’s take a look

at the next example sentence it’s a

little bit tricky it’s a little bit

difficult here we see the same bin

waiting the same present perfect

continuous or present perfect

progressive tense this shows us that an

action has been continuing yes but I’ve

used the word ages here so ages is sort

of a casual expression which means a

very long time that means it’s a time

period this is not a specific point in

time ages is not a specific point in

time it’s actually a time period so we

should use for here you’ve been waiting

here for ages for a long time is what

this sentence means okay last one

they’ve been dating something something

about two weeks something something okay

so here there are two spaces where we

can use a word that should probably give

you a good hint it’ll be this sense and

ago but let’s talk about why here again

we have this continuous form they’ve

been dating dating is the continuous or

the progressive form of the verb to date

so we have about plus two weeks so

there’s a period of time there yeah

in this case then we should use since

about two weeks ago so two weeks ago

they started dating

they’ve been dating since about two

weeks ago we can use both of these

sentences to express the amount of time

they have been dating okay so those are

a few points about when to use for cents

and a go we also talked about some

grammar points that you can use these

words with if you have any questions

about those check out some of the other

videos we’ve made on this channel

especially about the present perfect

tense they can help give you some more

background about those grammar points hi

everybody my name is Alisha welcome back

to English class 101 comms YouTube

channel today I’m going to talk about

the difference between speak and talk to

commonly confused verbs so let’s get

started okay the first verb I want to

talk about is the verb talk we use talk

in casual speech in everyday

conversations if you want to talk about

a simple topic or a casual discussion

with friends or you just want to report

a conversation that happened or a

discussion that happened you can use

talk to explain this simply and casually

in most everyday conversations I use

talk you’ll hear talk a lot when you are

listening to conversations about

discussions on the phone we use it to

explain phone conversations a lot we use

it to explain simple meetings with

people friendly interactions over coffee

for example talk is used in most

everyday situations so if you’re

reporting on something that’s pretty

casual you should use the word talk to

explain that also if the person you are

talking to is not someone who you have a

professional relationship with it’s

pretty good to use talk in that case if

you use speak you might sound a little

too formal we’re going to talk about

this in just a moment though so please

try to keep in mind the talk should be

used in everyday conversations to report

everyday conversations and in more

casual situations okay we can also use

talk the verb talk with to or with by

this I mean we can say I want to talk

to someone or I want to talk with

someone these are for me very very

similar we use them in very similar ways

if you want to be extremely specific I

would say that perhaps there is a small

nuance of a difference between talking

to talk to and talk with if I say I want

to talk to someone maybe it could be a

more one-sided conversation like I want

to talk to my friend

I expect my friend is going to talk to

me as well but I feel like that has a

little more of a one-sided conversation

feel then using talk with if I say I

want to talk with my friend I want to

talk with you about it with to me sounds

a little bit more like doing something

together with someone else so again this

is a very very small difference and

perhaps this is just my style and how I

like to use these words but for the most

part we can use them interchangeably we

can use them in the same way and you’re

not going to really have any

communication problems depending on the

words you choose but just for your

information this is how I sometimes use

• and with with the verb talk and with

speak - as I’ll explain later

okay finally about conjugations for the

verb talk to make the past tense of the

verb talk talk is in Eirik I’m sorry

start again okay finally about

conjugations with the verb talk to

conjugate the verb talk into the past

tense and the past participle we simply

add Edie to the end of the verb so talk

becomes talked

this makes past tense and past

participle so a very easy conjugation

for the verb

talk so we’re going to use this in some

example sentences later

let’s take a look though at the verb

speak okay so we talked about we talked

about how the verb talk is used in more

casual situations everyday conversations

everyday discussions speak however is

used in more formal situations if you

want to create a more formal nuance

or to have a more formal tone when you

speak with someone use the verb speak so

I just used the verb speak to sound a

little bit more formal in this

explanation for example if you would

like to sound a little more formal try

using the verb speak instead of the verb

talk this is really useful in business

situations at work you can use this in

business emails as well or in any kind

of writing where you would like to sound

a little more formal this is more polite

than talk as you might have guessed so

talk has a more casual nuance speak has

a more formal nuance about it as with

talk we can use this with - or with so

speak to someone or speak with someone I

want to speak to my boss I want to speak

with my boss like I talked about with

talk we can use the two pretty much in

the same way very very similarly I would

say there’s a very small nuance again

talk - might sound a little bit more

one-sided one person is reporting

information perhaps and with perhaps

sounds more like an exchange of

information but again this is a very

small difference in perhaps just a way

that I think about how to use - and with

with these verbs but you can use them

essentially in the same way speak to or

speak with someone finally there’s one

other key difference between speak and

talk and that is about languages when

you are explaining your language ability

for example I speak English I speak

Japanese I don’t speak Chinese

we should always use the verb speak

please don’t use the verb talk to

explain your language abilities so a

sentence like I talk French is not

correct please use I speak French speak

is the correct verb to talk about your

language abilities or to talk about your

inability as well so please be careful

there lastly a couple conjugation points

about this verb then so speak in the

past tense speak is an irregular verb

speak becomes spoke in the past 10

spoke so please be careful here also to

make the past participle form speak

becomes spoken have you spoken to

someone I’ve never spoken with someone

so there are two conjugations we need to

consider for today’s practice spoke and

spoke in past tense and past participle

tense okay so now that we reviewed a

couple points about the difference

between talk and speak let’s take a look

at a few example sentences and maybe we

can decide which verb is a better choice

in each of these okay first one he’s

something something to his manager our

hint word here is the word manager this

implies it’s a work situation so it’s

probably a good idea to sound a little

more formal let’s use spoke past tense

he spoke to his manager of course you

could say he speaks to his manager but

we don’t have much other information

here so maybe a simple sentence he spoke

to his manager he’s nice

let’s see the next one you should ba ba

ba to your parents so here we have

parents and also you should this this

kind of gives us the feeling that this

sentence is maybe a casual advice

situation so how about talk it sounds

more casual so talk sounds better you

should talk to your parents again talk

with your parents is also okay here

alright let’s look at the next sentence

haven’t they blah blah blah to you about

this so here we have haven’t have not a

negative form here haven’t they blah

blah blah to you about this in this

sentence there is no clear hint word is

it a casual situation is it a formal

situation so in a sentence like this

because we don’t have enough information

about the situation both talk and speak

are actually okay but we do need to

conjugate the verb correctly so that it

matches this haven’t at the beginning of

the sentence so we can say haven’t they

talked to you or haven’t they spoken to

you about this both are correct in this

case haven’t they talked to you haven’t

they spoken to you it just changes the

level of formality of the sentence okay

let’s take a look at the next one I

really wanted to something something to

you again it’s a little bit difficult to

determine is this a formal situation or

a casual situation I would guess I’ve

included the word really here typically

really is only used in casual situations

or it’s better to use a word like really

in less formal situation so I think that

talk is a better choice here I really

wanted to talk to you hmm nice all right

next one she is something something with

clients at the moment so here the hint

is clients indicating it’s a business

situation or a more formal situation and

here we have the grammar she is she is

this implies progressive or a continuous

grammar sentence so she’s something

something clients gives us the hint it’s

more formal let’s use speak but again to

change it to the progressive form she’s

speaking with clients at the moment

sounds nice

okay let’s look at the next sentence

then what were they blah blah blah with

that guy about okay so here I’ve used

with again we can use to or with but

I’ve included guy as a hint word here

guy sounds a little bit more casual we

use guy in may be more casual

discussions everyday discussions so we

probably want to use talk in this case a

more casual choice here we have we see

its past

what were they something something with

that guy about but we know this should

be a past progressive tense sentence -

what were they is indicate something

continuing what were they talking

with that guy about what were they

talking with that guy about great

alright next one you guys should have

blah blah blah

about it last week again we see this you

guys you guys implying something more

casual you guys should have so again

this is probably a sentence where we

need to use the verb talk because it’s a

more casual situation we could use the

verb speak if you like but again it’s

going to sound a little more formal here

we have you guys which sounds casual so

mixing casual and formal might sound a

little strange so here for to match our

grammar you guys should have talked

about it last week is the nice sentence

here okay let’s look at the last one

then she’s never Loblaw to me

so she’s this is an interesting

contraction be careful it’s not she is

never never is a big hint here yeah we

know that never we use never a lot in

present perfect tense sentences so she’s

here does not mean she is instead this

is the contracted form of she has so

here she has never something-something

to me in this sentence we don’t know if

it’s a casual or a formal expression so

we can choose either verb so she has

never talked to me it’s correct or she

has never spoken to me she’s never

talked to me she’s never spoken to me

both are correct just depending on the

situation and depending on the nuance

you would like to communicate you can

choose the better form or the better a

verb accordingly so these are a few

cases where a speak and talk it might be

a good idea to choose one or the other

but I would recommend just keep in mind

if you want to sound more formal please

choose the verb speak if you want to

sound a little more casual use the verb

talk in most cases we will use the verb

talk but maybe at work it’s a good idea

to use speak instead also don’t forget

to use speak to talk about your language

abilities to thanks very much for

watching this episode

and we will see you again soon right

today I’m going to talk about the

difference between active voice and

passive voice in this lesson I want to

explain a few ways that I think can help

you decide how to choose between active

voice or passive voice this will be

hopefully useful for your speaking and

for your writing skills so let’s get

started okay the first thing I want to

talk about is the active voice English

uses a lot of sentences in the active

voice we like to use active voice a lot

in speech and in writing so we use

active voice when we want to place

emphasis on the subject like the person

or the thing that is doing an action or

causing an action so the emphasis here

is on the subject we know the subject of

the sentence in the case of the active

voice and we want to emphasize that the

person who is doing an action for

example you want to emphasize that you

know who is doing the action use the

active voice so an example could be a

thief stole my bag in this situation we

know a thief stole my bag here the

simple past tense is used and we have my

bag as the object here so everything is

clear everything is known in this

sentence I’m going to talk about a

different style a different way to

explain this sentence in just a moment

but we can use the active voice to

explain a situation like this

another example my coworker deleted an

important file so here’s another

situation we know who did the action my

coworker in this case simple past tense

deleted here shows the action that

happened the action that occurred and

what was deleted an important file here

so again I’m going to talk about a

different way to explain this sentence

in just a moment but these are a couple

ways we can use active tense or active

voice rather when all the information is

known some more simple sentences I ate

dinner again the subject the verb and a

and what was being eaten here in this

case I ate dinner very simple sentence

here he took me to a movie so we know

the subject the action who is receiving

the

action in this case it’s me here she

made dinner again very very simple

sentences we can make simple sentences

in just three words for example with the

active voice it’s very very easy to use

active voice we just need to know the

subject what they did and who received

the effect or who that action occurred

to to put it in a strange way

so we can use active voice to explain a

lot of things in a very very short way

but sometimes active voice is maybe not

the best choice so let’s take a look at

passive voice and see if we can compare

a few things here when we talk in the

passive voice or when we write in the

passive voice we do it because we want

to place emphasis on the object of an

action something which is receiving the

action we want to place the emphasis on

that or we use it when the subject is

unknown or unimportant so to give a few

examples let’s look here my bag was

stolen here my bag this is the thing

that an action has occurred to so and

you can think of it like the bag is the

one or is the object that is receiving

the action here my bag was stolen my bag

was stolen so we have to use a different

grammar to explain in passive voice so

the difference here my bag was stolen

the difference between this sentence and

a thief stole my bag is that we don’t

have a clear doer of the action we’re

not talking about specifically who stole

my bag but rather the important point

here is that my bag was stolen it

doesn’t matter who or we don’t know who

stole the bag but I want to emphasize

this situation in this case passive

voice is much much better than active

voice because I don’t know the subject

perhaps let’s look at one more example

an important file got deleted so here

you’ll see got we use God a lot this

past tense got to a rather past

participle got in in passive voice a lot

it gives kind of

more of a nuance of something negative

occurring it gives sort of the feeling

that a negative outcome has happened as

a result of the situation so you might

see got deleted or got plus the verb in

this case so here I’ve used got deleted

I’ll show you one more in just in just a

second so here an important file got

deleted let’s compare this to the active

voice my coworker deleted an important

file in the active voice I know who

deleted the file my coworker deleted the

file in the passive voice however I

don’t mention my coworker so maybe I

don’t know who deleted the file I don’t

know who completed the action who did

the action so I can drop that name I can

drop my co-worker I can drop the name of

the person who did the action I want to

emphasize the situation the the file the

important file got deleted that’s what I

want to emphasize in this case I should

use the passive voice this sounds much

much better if I want to emphasize the

important file if however I want to

emphasize my coworker

for example I’m angry with my coworker I

could say my coworker deleted an

important file in this case the emphasis

is my coworker in this sentence the

important file is the emphasis so this

is a really key point between the

difference between active and passive

forms ok let’s look at a few more

examples so next one your lunch got

eaten so again I’ve used this got here

yeah I’ve used got plus eat in the past

participle form of the verb so as I

talked about in this sentence got

deleted we use got to show kind of a

negative outcome something we didn’t

want to happen necessarily this is very

common in passive voice so your lunch

got eaten by whom we don’t know somebody

ate this person’s lunch but we don’t

know who did the action so we can omit

that person and we can simply emphasize

your lunch your lunch here this is the

focus of the sentence your lunch got

eaten ok let’s take a look at one more

sentence their window was broken their

window was broken we don’t

know how the window was broken maybe it

was a person maybe it was a burglar

maybe it was bad weather maybe just a

strange accident we don’t know how or

who broke the window so we can omit we

can remove any identifying information

about who or what completed the action

instead we focus on the window their

window was broken this is the focus of

this sentence finally let’s look at one

more flowers were delivered to the

office in this sentence we don’t know

where the flowers came from who ordered

the flowers we don’t know any

information about the situation but we

simply want to report something we saw

at the office for example we can use the

passive temps to do that the flowers

were delivered to the office so in in

each of these sentences we don’t know or

it’s not important who did the action or

what did the action but we want to

emphasize the object of the action we

want to emphasize the the person or the

item receiving the action in this case

in active voice however we want to

emphasize the person doing the action of

the thing doing the action so please

keep this in mind when you’re trying to

choose between active voice and passive

voice if it’s a known subject or if you

want to emphasize that subject more

strongly than the item receiving that

action use the active voice if you don’t

know the subject or if you want to

emphasize the object of the action use

the passive voice I hope that those were

a few good points I hope that those are

a few helpful ways to help you remember

how to use active voice and passive

voice but if you have any questions or

comments let us know in the comment

section or try to make a few sentences

if you like thanks very much for

watching this episode and we’ll see you

again soon bye today I’m going to talk

about uncountable nouns I’m going to

talk about a few points related to

uncountable nouns and some words we can

use with uncountable nouns I’m going to

talk about the ways we can use units to

count parts of uncountable nouns and I’m

going to talk about some quantifiers and

some questions which we can use with

this grammar point

so let’s get started okay so the first

point here about uncountable nouns

uncountable nouns are nouns we cannot

count so count a bowl means able to

count this prefix on means not the

negative so not countable nouns we

cannot count we cannot use one two or

three to count numbers of these nouns

with uncountable nouns we can use some

determiner so determiners are for

example or an or the this that my his

and so on with uncountable nouns we can

use for example this and that and we can

use possessives like my his her our and

so on however we cannot use a or an with

uncountable nouns this is because a and

an are used for the singular forms of

nouns and we don’t have a singular or

plural form necessarily for uncountable

nouns so we cannot use or an because

these two articles are used for singular

forms so please be careful of this some

determiners like this and that are fine

and possessives are okay but not a or an

okay also when you want to make a

general statement you should use no

determiner no determiner so know this

know that know the or whatever unless

you want to make a statement a general

statement about a specific group or a

specific object a specific mass entity

for example we’ll talk a little bit

about this later okay so let’s take a

look at some common uncountable nouns

then I’ve also included here though

they’re units so by units I mean ways to

count the parts of these nouns so we

cannot count these nouns because they’re

sort of they’re thought of as like a

mass they’re thought of as kind of a

group or yeah a group or an assembly of

many many different parts so we don’t

count the the group itself the mass

itself however we can count the parts

within that group so let’s take a look

at the first example maybe the most

one time so time is an uncountable noun

we don’t count one time two times or

three times we don’t do that however we

count parts of time measurements of time

so for example all of these are

countable nouns seconds minutes hours

days weeks months years decades

millennia these are all the countable

nouns we use to couch the parts of time

we cannot count time we can count the

parts of time only let’s look at one

more example money so money we cannot

count money one money to money three

money we don’t you do that instead we

count the parts for example cents

dollars yen pounds euro pesos for

example we use the currency the type of

money and the denominations the pieces

are the parts within that that that

currency to count so we cannot count

money but we can count the the type of

money we can count currency amounts okay

another couple that are fairly common

are beer and wine so drinks for example

we don’t count beer necessarily as a

group we can say one beer to refer to

one drink of beer we can say that

however but in general for liquid when

you see a lot of liquid we don’t say one

beer to beer instead we counted by the

serving so for example with beer we use

glasses pints half pints mugs kegs

growlers these are a few ways that we

can count beer these are all countable

nouns a similar rule applies to wine we

don’t say really one wine two wines we

can use that to mean one single drink

but there are sometimes different ways

that we need to explain one so we use

these words glasses or bottles or

decanters so we use decanter of wine

bottle of wine in these cases not one

wine or two wines make sure to say like

bottle or decanter to refer specifically

to the type of measurement you

another very common example is clothes

so clothes is kind of a category of

items it’s a type of item there there

are many different kinds of clothes so

we count for example shirts sweaters

socks shoes hats pairs of pants we don’t

say one clothes too close three clothes

instead we count these smaller items

inside the category of clothes okay

just a couple more examples food is

another very very big one so food itself

we don’t really say one food to food

three food instead we count inside food

for example snacks drinks salads

appetizers pizzas breadsticks cakes

whatever so the the food the dish itself

we couch the dish but not food as a

category finally air is another one we

don’t count air with numbers we can

count parts of air but if you want to

know we can use for example molecules to

talk about components pieces of air if

you like so these are just a few

examples of uncountable nouns and some

of the units we can use to count the

parts within those uncountable nouns ok

next let’s head over to how to make a

few questions so similar to countable

nouns we can use uncountable nouns to

make information questions to make

requests to make offers but one key

point here is when you’re asking a

quantity question with an uncountable

noun you need to use much so when you’re

using a countable now and you should use

how many plus the plural form if you’re

using an uncountable noun you need to

use how much plus here now how much time

how much money how much beer for example

there’s no s to add at the end there’s

no plural form that we need to think

about just the uncountable noun and any

other information how much beer did you

drink how much time do you have for

example so please use much when you’re

making a question with an uncountable

noun a second do you plus a verb any

plus your uncountable noun so we

change this verb in the sentence

depending on what we need but this is a

general information question like do you

need any time or do you need any new

clothes for example so we just use the

uncountable noun here at the end of this

phrase to make an information question

another common pattern would be a

request so can I have some bla bla bla

can I have some wine can I have some

food of course you can use a unit here

if you like if you want to be specific

but if you want to be general mmm like

can I have some more time on this

project we can use an uncountable noun

in this sentence pattern as well of

course there are many different sentence

patterns but these are a few questions

that might be helpful for you ok let’s

look at the last thing for today

quantifiers quantifiers so we use

quantifiers to talk about amounts of

nouns in this case I’m going to talk

about some quantifiers we can use to

talk about the amounts of uncountable

nouns so we can use first at the end of

the spectrum here at around like zero

I’ve kind of made a scale here from zero

a like know of something there’s no

amount there’s zero of something to a

lot of something 100 at the other end

I’ve made kind of a scale of a few

quantifiers so here we can say no I have

no time we can use don’t plus a verb

plus any like I don’t have any time hmm

also is over here at the zero part we

can say I have almost no time meaning

very very little time for example so

very little and almost no would go about

here here we can say not much I have not

in parentheses because you just need to

use the negative form I don’t have much

time or I don’t need much to drink for

example so we can use much here but we

need to use a negative in this case we

can also use hardly any with uncountable

nouns so I have hardly any time to work

on this project or I have hardly any

wine in my refrigerator for example we

can use a bit of

mm I have a bit of beer to drink a small

amount so I have a small amount of time

this afternoon if you’re free we have a

decent amount of so oh there’s a decent

amount of time this afternoon if that’s

better for you we can use some as well

Tom again is kind of vague it’s not so

clear the quantity with some but if you

just want to refer to having some have

it making it available you can use some

so like we might say I have some clothes

I want to throw away we can use lots of

and a lot of so I drank a lot of beer

last night or I drank a lot of wine last

night might be a common sentence you can

hear we can use quite a lot of quite a

lot of so I have quite a lot of time

this weekend let’s do something we have

the casual tons of and a bunch of too so

I have tons of time or I have a bunch of

new clothes to try on for example and we

can also use all all so you could say

who drink all the beer or who ah let’s

see there’s another example mmm someone

took all my clothes for example we can

use all with uncountable nouns as well

so again these are just a few examples

of some expressions you might hear with

uncountable nouns you’ll see - as with

countable nouns we can use some of these

as I’ve marked with a green star here

some of these are okay to use with

countable nouns and uncountable nouns so

if you get stuck you can try to remember

which ones are are okay for both

countable and uncountable nouns for

example lots of and a lot of some is

good almost no is pretty handy pretty

useful as well

another point here I want to mention

this is a problem that many students

have is using much in positive

statements of quantity for example I

have much money I have much time we

cannot use much in this way we should

use I have a lot of time I have quite a

lot of time much is used with negatives

so I don’t have much time for example I

don’t

have much money we can only use much for

a quantity statement with a negative

form so please don’t use much to make a

positive statement about quantity please

be careful this is a very common mistake

all right but those are a few points I

wanted to make about uncountable nouns

today thanks very much for watching this

episode and I will see you again soon I

want to speak real English from your

first lesson sign up for your free

lifetime account at English class

101.com hi everybody my name is Alisha

today I’m going to talk about countable

nouns I’m going to talk about how to

make the plural form of countable nouns

I’m going to talk about a few question

patterns you can use with countable

nouns and I’m going to talk about some

quantifiers for countable nouns so let’s

get started okay so the first point

maybe the most important point first of

all is that countable nouns are nouns

which we can count we use numbers 1 2 &

3 and we can count the numbers of these

nouns they are countable able to be

counted that’s the first point for

today’s lesson second countable nouns

have a singular form single here you can

see single is the base one singular form

and a plural form plural meaning more

than one so the words themselves have a

singular form one of something and a

plural form more than one of something a

couple of notes about singular form and

plural form however singular form nouns

we have to use a determiner so for

example determiners are like articles

like or an or the or we could use this

that my his her for example we need some

kind of determiner something that gives

us information about a singular noun we

must use a determiner with a singular

noun so we have to say a dog or his dog

or my dog we cannot simply say dog in

this with a singular form so please be

careful if you use the singular form of

a noun you need to use a determiner ok

let’s look at the plural form my nose

the plural form here is that no

determiner is required so you don’t

always have to use a determiner here

with the plural form the dogs his dogs

her dogs for example but if you’re

referring generally to a group no

determiner should be used so this is a

very common mistake for example if

talking about all teachers or all

doctors or making a general statement

about a group of people for example no

determiner should be used we should not

use the doctors or the teachers unless

you’re talking about a specific group of

doctors or a specific group of teachers

if you want to make a general statement

about all people are all countable nouns

in one category no determiner should be

used so please be careful okay so these

are two points about the singular form

and the plural form so please be careful

of this okay let’s continue on to how to

make the plural forms of nouns there are

a few different rules to consider here

so first the regular way to make a

plural noun is to just add an S to the

end of the noun so for example dogs we

have an s computers and cars so these

are simple simple plural form nouns we

just add an S to the end of the noun to

make the plural form however there are

some cases where the spelling will

change slightly and the pronunciation

will also change slightly the basic S

sound is still there however it’s an es

sound so it’s noun plus es when do we do

this we do this with nouns that end in X

in ch SS s or SH this is kind of

difficult to remember I think that if

you practice if you read a lot and if

you speak a lot you’ll gradually come to

understand this this is something I

personally never studied as a native

speaker but through practice through

reading a lot too I gradually came to

and

stand which nouns take ES and which

nouns do not but some examples here

foxes Fox ends in X so it takes es in

the plural form classes class ends in SS

so we take ES for the plural form

finally sandwich sandwich ends in CH so

we add es very important so not

sandwiches with a with noe but we need

to use an e in the word sandwiches

please be careful ok finally there is

one more different spelling for plural

nouns here we have noun plus IES if the

noun ends in a why a why we we drop the

Y in the plural form we cut the Y and

add IES so a few examples of this are

countries we have IES know why here we

have candies again know why IES and

copies so know why and IES so these are

three ways to make plural forms adding

es or an es sound or just a simple s so

depending on the noun you would like to

make plural you need to kind of remember

these rules or at least think about them

a little bit and until you kind of get

used to making nouns correctly okay but

I want to go to something a little bit

more challenging which is nouns which

have irregular plural forms so these are

countable nouns but they don’t follow

the s rule we can’t just add s to make

these nouns plural let’s take a look at

a few so one for example is person the

noun person we can say one person

however the plural form is people two

people three people four people please

keep this in mind another very common

one especially for pronunciation is

woman to women and man to men please be

careful of your vowel pronunciation here

in particular woman and women the first

vowel o here does not change in terms of

spelling but in pronunciation it does

change women sounds much different than

this

Giller form woman so please be careful

sometimes poor pronunciation can cause

difficulties in understanding or poor

communication so this is a great

pronunciation point both woman and man

so man becomes men a very clear vowel

sound change there so these two are a

couple to be very very careful of and to

practice as well some nouns however do

not change in the plural form some nouns

for example fish fish does not change we

use fish and fish in the singular and

the plural form if you are curious about

how to know whether you’re reading

something or hearing something about

singular fish or plural fish in most

cases you can guess based on the

situation based on the context if it’s

very very difficult then I suppose the

author might include a number before the

word fish like to fish or three fish but

in most cases this isn’t an issue the

same thing applies to sheep actually

sheep the plural form of sheep is also

sheep there is no change here but we can

count them as two sheep three sheep four

sheep for example okay a few more the

singular form of child becomes the

plural form children please be careful

their foot becomes feet tooth becomes

teeth and one more interesting one mouse

mouse becomes mice in the plural form

two mice three mice four mice so these

are just a few examples of some of the

irregular plural forms you can find with

countable nouns this is not everything

for sure but these are some very common

examples I think okay let’s continue on

to a few question patterns with

countable nouns so the first one I have

is how many blah blah blahs please keep

in mind when you are asking a quantity

question with countable nouns you need

to use how many please do not use how

much with a countable noun we use how

with uncountable nouns so how many plus

an S sound

don’t forget this S sound many people

forget how many pens how many dogs how

many children in that case there’s no s

sound but if you are using a noun with

an S sound please make sure that s sound

is very clear but in any case you need

to use the plural form after how many

okay a couple of other examples maybe

you’ve seen our other YouTube videos

about any and some so here I have an

example do you verb any plural form so

here again there’s that s sound if your

noun ends in an S make it very very

clear when you pronounce it so do you

have any pets for example or do you need

any strawberries for example so here

I’ve got verb and I’ve got any plus s so

this is maybe making an offer or asking

for information

something you need some kind of

information if you’re asking this

question I wouldn’t be an offer but

asking for information this is the kind

of question you might be able to use

with countable nouns finally to make a

request as we talked about in the some

video any in some video can I have some

plus the plural form so can I have some

cookies for example or can I have some

cupcakes for example so again please

make sure your s sound is very clear at

the end of this sentence all right the

last thing I want to talk about for this

lesson is quantifiers so quantifiers we

use with the plural form please do not

use quantifiers with the singular form

we use quantifiers to talk about amounts

how much or how many of something for

countable nouns we’re going to talk

about how many of something we have or

don’t have for example so we can use

know with a quantifier so I have no pets

for example we can say that or I

have any pets here I have don’t plus

verb plus any so I don’t have any pets

or I don’t need any cupcakes I’m

thinking about cupcakes today so I don’t

need any blah blah blah so we can

replace the verb here with the verb of

your choice there’s almost no almost no

I’ve kind of put this up a little

further on this spectrum from the zero

to 100 so it’s very close to zero so I

have almost no pancakes left in my

kitchen for example so not very many in

other words just above that maybe would

be hardly any hardly any so there are

hardly any children in school today

for example maybe around here on the

spectrum a couple of a couple of the

word couple is here it has the nuance of

two two so there are a couple of dogs in

the park for example just above a couple

of might be a few a few a few in my mind

sounds like maybe three or four for

example like there are a few birds in

the tree outside the office several

sounds to me like more than a few a

larger number than a couple of or a few

so to use several in a sentence for

example there are several clocks in the

office the next one I’ve got some here

I’ve put some tentatively at about 50

some is very very vague some can mean a

small amount or it can mean maybe a

reasonable amount of something but

generally it’s somewhere around here on

my 0 to 100 scale so you can feel kind

of about how much some is yeah so for

example I ate some what did I eat today

I ate some salads last week or something

like that so it’s kind of a vague

expression but we can’t really guess how

many are here but some can tell us just

that maybe more than a few were consumed

in my example sentence so some against

some is rather vague maybe it’s not as

clear as some of

other expressions but you can kind of

figure it out for yourself when you’d

like to use it all right the next one

lots of and a lot of are about in the

same point here on the spectrum so lotsa

means lots of there are there’s a good

number of something so for example I got

lots of letters in the mail last

Christmas so it refers to a good number

of something

next up may be quite a few so quite a

few of something so I got quite a few

emails last week we could say towards

the end here we have tons of and a bunch

of these sound rather casual tons of and

a bunch of again very very large

quantity so I ate tons of sweets last

weekend or I bought a bunch of CDs last

weekend for example so a very very large

quantity and finally we can use the word

all with countable nouns like for

example maybe all the children went to

school today or all the women in the

room left suddenly so we can use all

with countable nouns just again please

make sure to use the plural form with

these so all of these are some examples

of quantifiers we can use with countable

nouns you’ll see too I have green stars

on some of these just a note the ones

with green stars we can use these with

countable and uncountable nouns so I

know sometimes it’s difficult to guess

is it a countable noun is it an

uncountable noun what quantifier should

I use I don’t know these are a few that

you can use with both countable and

uncountable nouns so if you’re stuck if

you can’t remember you can try using one

of these like lots of and a lot of some

these are very very useful ones I think

so try to keep these in mind a couple of

these in mind so if you have trouble

remembering which ones are for countable

nouns and which ones are for uncountable

nouns you can remember this okay so

that’s just a quick introduction to

countable nouns

I hope that this was useful for you if

you have any questions or comments or

want to try to make a sentence please

feel free to do so in the comment

section below this video

hi everybody my name is Alisha today I’m

going to be talking about the verb to be

so in this lesson I’m going to talk

about the use of the word to be and I’m

going to introduce a few example

sentences as well as give some

explanations about some questions that

you guys have had about the different

uses of the verb to be specifically

different conjugations of the verb to be

so let’s get started okay so the first

point I want to mention about the verb

to be is that B expresses a state or a

condition this is some point about the

way a person is or a characteristic a

feature of a person an object a

situation so we use B to talk about

existence existence existence is like

the base level of the verb the base

meaning of the verb so maybe you’ve

heard the very famous Shakespeare

expression the expression from the

Shakespeare play Hamlet to be or not to

be this is a very famous expression

which uses the verb to be but here this

is this famous speech comes from the

characters kind of internal monologue or

the character’s thoughts about whether

to be to be alive to exist or not to be

to not exist to be dead so in this case

yes we are using the verb or the verb is

used to mean existence to mean alive or

not alive however in modern English

today we use the verb to be in many many

cases not referring to being alive or

not alive but we use it as a linking

verb so to be and the negative form is

used to connect the subject to its other

information this is the purpose of a

linking verb we have a subject and some

other information

about the subject we use the verb to be

to link those two things together so

I’ve prepared a lot of examples and some

conjugation review points that I hope

can help show some of these the ways we

can use the verb to be as in modern

American English let’s take a look first

at the present tense so please remember

that depending on the subject of the

sentence the conjugation of the verb to

be is going to change so if the subject

of the present sentences I will use M if

the subject is he she or it will use is

if the subject is u we or they we use R

so please keep these in mind of course

the negative form we add not after this

so I am NOT he is not you are not for

example let’s look at a few simple

examples here

the subject he for he I apply is the

conjugation is he is my brother so here

is my subject he extra information my

brother and is this is my linking verb

it connects the information together

another example the neighbors are noisy

please be careful I’ve noticed that many

people forget that they’re actually

using a plural when they talk about

neighbors or parents for example this

little S here the neighbors the people

who live next to me this is a plural

subject so we should apply the same rule

we use for they they are in this case

the neighbors are noisy here is another

example the computers not people here

but multiple objects the computers that

S sound is it marks the plural form so

we have to use the same conjugation rule

the computers they are essentially they

are all broken here one more you are not

my friend so here we have the subject

you and the negative not my friend you

are not my friend so in each of these we

are connecting the subject with some

other information using

conjugated form of the verb be okay I

also want to mention the infinitive form

this two plus B so I talked about to be

a little bit here to be meaning

existence we can use to be in modern

English as well so meaning there’s no

change to the verb but we use it in a

few situations referring to existence

referring to a situation so let’s take a

look at a few examples so here I have I

want her to be my boss I want her to be

my boss meaning she is not my boss now

but in the future I want her to be I

want her to be in the state of being my

boss I want her to become my boss

however we don’t say become I want her

to be my boss so this is maybe a desire

I want for a future situation where a

person her in this case is is desired to

be to exist in a condition as this

person’s boss okay let’s try another

example this is a very very common

example please tell him to be on time to

be is used here before the expression on

time so on time means the correct time

so for example if the meeting begins at

one o’clock he needs to be in the

meeting room at one o’clock so to be in

this case means be in a condition be in

the state of on time at the correct time

so this is a very common one tell him to

be on time please be on time

meaning you in your condition your

status in the day should be on time so

this is a great one to remember here’s

one more example again about time it’s

very commonly used for time for

schedules didn’t they tell you to be

here at 8 o’clock so again to be meaning

exist here to bring yourself here you

need to exist

here at 8 o’clock didn’t they tell you

that so again to be refers to your body

your person here existing hmm so I need

to be here to make these videos or I

need to be in the studio to do a live

stream every week I need to be somewhere

so we use B to talk about our body’s

position or our body’s location where we

exist we can use to be with that ok so

I’ve already started talking about a few

different prepositions actually I

mentioned I need to be at the studio or

I need to be in the office for example

there are a few common prepositions that

we can use with the verb to be so

because to be refers to our existence

refers to our location for example we

can use it with a few prepositions like

in or at so I can say I need to be in

the office I need to be at the office

both are okay to use with the verb to be

because they talk about or they help us

express our existence our condition

where we are located we can also use

width to talk about people like I want

to be with my family this weekend or I

want to be with my husband or my wife

later or I want to be with my friends

every day for example so we can use with

along with the verb to be so these are a

couple of common prepositions you’ll see

with the verb to be and its various

forms okay so let’s continue on to a

couple different grammar points let’s

talk now about the past tense we can use

a to be in past tense just remember

again the verb does conjugate here it’s

I was if the subject of the sentence is

I he she and it was he was she was it

was and with you we and they we use were

you were they were we were here I’ve

used it as an I was late to work past

tense

the neighbors were noisy so again

as I talked about with the present tense

example Nabors is plural so the rule for

they applies here they were noisy same

thing here I used the same sentence just

in past tense the computers were all

broken one more she wasn’t very friendly

so a negative form and please remember

that you can use the contracted form

instead of was not we can use wasn’t it

sounds a lot more natural she wasn’t

very friendly so please keep in mind the

past tense forms as well the past tense

form and the negative forms - all right

let’s continue on to a couple different

points I want to talk about the

continuous or the progressive form a

couple patterns some of you have sent in

questions about the the use of the word

being in in sentences like these like

what’s the difference between including

being and know being in in an example

sentence so let’s take a look in a

couple examples we use being in this

progressive form to express a temporary

state so if you’ve watched any videos

about the continuous form or the

progressive form you know we use it

sometimes to talk about a temporary

state something that’s not always true

but for now it is true the same rule

applies to being so if we can imagine

the blue line here is a present tense

statement present tense remember it’s

something that’s always true it’s a

general fact the red line here is a

temporary situation so here I have past

present now in the future so let’s look

at these two example sentences my

brother is annoying my brother is not

really nice my brother my brother is

annoying is a present tense sentence so

this is a general fact for an example a

general fact always true my brother is

annoying I have an adjective here my

brother is annoying however in this

sentence my brother is being annoying

right now my brother is being annoying

means in this point in time only for

this short period of time only right now

my brother is being he’s in the

condition his status his existence is

annoying right now if I said my brother

is annoying right now it’s okay

but being annoying it sounds a bit more

natural to a native speaker my brother

is being annoying right now let’s look

at one more example my computer is not

cooperative I’ve used the negative not

cooperative so this is a little bit of a

funny sentence it suggests maybe my

computer can think for itself

so cooperative meaning my computer is

not working very well in other words but

here I’ve used the adjective my computer

is not cooperative so maybe I have an

old computer so every day in this

sentence in a present tense sentence my

computer is not cooperative it doesn’t

work very well however if I want to use

being here I can say my computer wasn’t

in past tense maybe my computer wasn’t

being cooperative today so in this

sentence we see today only my computer

was not being my computer was not

functioning my computer was not existing

in a cooperative state its condition was

not cooperative for me in that day so

here I’ve used being my computer wasn’t

cooperative today is okay as well but we

can use being it sounds it kind of

emphasizes the existence it emphasizes

that temporary condition here so this

sounds really nice my computer wasn’t

being cooperative today try to use this

if you like so again we use this for a

temporary situation keep that in mind

being bla bla bla being before your

adjective in this case so that’s one

point I wanted to mention let’s move on

to a couple more may be difficult or

advanced points I wanted to share and I

want to introduce a few examples here -

first present perfect tense we’ve talked

about the present perfect tense in some

other videos before but let’s review

when your subject is I

we use have been when this subject is he

she or it it has been he has been she

has been it has been when we use you we

and they its have been you have been

they have been we have been so we can

use this as we’ve looked at in the past

I have been studying here’s our our

present perfect form the past participle

form been I have been she has been

working they have been living and then

some questions have we been sleeping or

where have you been living for example

here you’ll see we use been the past

participle form of the verb here in

present perfect tense

so maybe many of you are familiar maybe

this kind of pattern is okay for you but

let’s kind of look at a few examples

that are a bit more difficult or a bit

more advanced like the past perfect

tense so here in past perfect tense we

need to change from have as we’ve done

with present perfect to have the past

tense so here all of these are going to

be the same verb I had been he had been

you had been we keep the verb be with

bin here but we can actually change all

of these sentences I just talked about

and past perfect or sorry present

perfect to the past perfect tense just

by changing the verb have here so for

example I had been studying she had been

working they had been living for example

we can make past perfect sentences just

by changing the verb here so please keep

this in mind the verb to be does not

change in this case but we can make some

more complex sentences in this case a

past perfect sentence quite easily

actually with no change to the beaver

alright there’s one more situation or

one more kind of sentence I want to

mention today and that sentences that

use if clauses so if something then

something else these if

then type statements so here’s one

example if more people had come it would

have been a better party it would have

been so here we see there’s an if

statement that introduces a point so

here’s my if clause if more people had

come it would have been a better party

so here I’m talking about a past

situation so at the party maybe not a

lot of people came to the party but if

more people had to come in the past it

would have been a better party so I want

to introduce this because a lot of

people have no problem with the if

clause like if more people had come or

if more people had been at the party

however many people forget to conjugate

the verb in the main clause it would

have been so please don’t forget this

part it would have been don’t forget

you’re would either here let’s look at

one more if you had been here earlier so

here we see the verb to be is in our if

Clause if you had been here earlier you

would have heard my good news in this

case so here the to be verb is in the if

clause in that if clause at the

beginning of the sentence if you had

been here if your body had existed in

this place earlier you would have heard

my good news so here we can see it in

the if clause of the sentence this is a

very useful one if you had been here

earlier you can use this in a surprising

number of situations I think let’s look

at one more if we hadn’t been at the

beach today so here I have a negative in

the if clause so hadn’t been if we

hadn’t been at the beach today we

wouldn’t have seen whales for example so

here I’ve made a kind of complex

sentence with a negative if we hadn’t

been at the beach if our bodies had not

been at the beach if we had not existed

at the beach today we would not have

seen what

it would not have been possible to see

whales so you can use this in the

positive and the negative to make some

very complex sentences just about

existence about where you or where an

object is where your body is so I know

that to be can be a difficult verb to

use but think about the various ways

we’ve talked about in this lesson to use

the verb to be and try to make some

interesting sentences so there are a lot

of different ways to use this verb but

keep in mind it’s so useful as a linking

verb so we’re connecting a subject to

some key information about the subject

and we’re talking about our existence

with this verb so give it a try if you

have any questions or if you want to

just try an example sentence leave it in

a comment and we can check it out

hi everybody my name is Alisha and today

I’m going to talk about the difference

between if and when some of you have

asked questions about this and I’ve

noticed that some people make some key

and maybe dangerous mistakes between

these two words so let’s talk about when

to use them okay let’s talk about when

first we use when when there’s 100%

certainty something is going to happen

so for example with travel plans when

you arrive in the country or when you

get to my house for example or when you

register for classes so 100% certainty

something is going to happen I’ve made a

timeline here as I like to do on a

timeline here the image you can think

about is that when if I’ve used a green

line here it’s going to happen it’s

definitely going to happen we use when

when we know something is going to

happen there’s 100% certainty here this

is a key point it’s going to happen if

on the other hand we use if if there’s

only a chance something is going to

happen there’s only a chance it is not

determined it is not something that has

been decided if is used for H

something will occur if is not used in

cases where we know something is going

to happen or something should happen if

is only used to express chance or

possibility so on the same timeline here

in red I’ve made a dotted line to

express if there’s a possibility in the

future something might happen there’s a

chance in the future something might

happen in these cases we use if so for

example if you lose your student ID card

if you get lost

for example so please please be careful

don’t use if in cases where there’s 100

percent certainty something is going to

happen and on the other hand don’t use

when in cases where there’s only a

chance something will happen

making a mistake between these two words

can destroy relationships or it can just

it can really cause some serious

confusion so I made a few example

sentences that I’ve actually seen some

that are similar to these so let’s take

a look and see why making a mistake

could be really really dangerous or

could really damage a relationship if

you make a mistake with these two let’s

take a look all right so first sentence

ba ba bla we break up what are you going

to do so if you don’t know the word

break up means to end a romantic

relationship - to break up with someone

here let’s think if or when if we look

at this rule if I say when if I’m

speaking to my partner if I say when we

break up what are you going to do if I

choose the word when it sounds like in

my mind to me I’ve decided I know 100%

certain I’m certain we are going to

break up this sounds very very sad and

probably to my partner if my partner

doesn’t know my feelings so if I say

when we break up what are you going to

do it sounds like I’ve decided to end

the relationship that’s probably not

what I want to say in this case

let’s use it if we break up there’s a

chance if we break up what are you going

to do so let’s use if here of course

this is a very maybe serious sentence

anyway but using if shows there’s only a

chance of a breakup when it shows it’s

it’s definite you’ve decided already so

please be careful let’s look at another

very interesting sentence something

something your wallet gets stolen call

me your wallet gets stolen so here if I

use when here when your wallet gets

stolen call me means the speaker expects

the listeners wallet will be stolen that

sounds very very strange a little

mysterious right so if your wallet gets

stolen however it sounds like there’s a

chance maybe the listener is going

somewhere dangerous for example so in

this case if is a much better choice

when it sounds like the speaker has some

secret plan maybe when your wallet gets

stolen sounds like maybe the speaker has

maybe made plans or knows mysteriously

somehow that the listeners wallet is

going to get stolen let’s use if in this

sentence here’s another one bla bla bla

you hear screaming so screaming means

loud terrified voice if you hear a loud

terrified screaming voice don’t worry so

if you say when when you hear screaming

don’t worry or if you hear screaming

don’t worry so I suppose if it’s around

Halloween for example and you’re at a

haunted house you could say when in this

case but if you’re in a regular

situation and someone wants to warn you

of something it sounds a bit strange to

say when you hear screaming don’t worry

but maybe if is a better choice here if

you hear screaming don’t worry like

maybe your friend for example is making

a crazy video outside and they’re going

to shout a lot for example so there’s a

chance you may hear screaming so this

one is probably better for if you hear

of course in some cases

like I said in like a haunted house

situation maybe you could use the word

when when you hear screaming don’t worry

but in most cases if if is probably a

better choice here let’s look at another

one let’s get a beer blah blah blah the

plane lands so this sentence the nuance

here is the speaker is on a plane riding

on a plane in the air right now

because I have the verb lands lands

means to touch the land to stop flying

so here let’s get a beer if or when if

sounds like there’s only a chance the

plane is going to land when sounds like

there’s a 100 percent chance the plane

is going to Lin so it’s probably a

better choice to use when here we know

the plane is going to land unless it’s

an extreme case like a plane crash

hopefully not but let’s get a beer when

the plane lands is a better choice for

this sentence okay next one blah blah

blah he gets fired for this he’s going

to be in trouble

hmm so if we use when here by the way

fired means lose your job lose your job

so when he gets fired for this sounds

like the speaker knows he this person is

going to lose his job here however if we

use if sounds like there’s only a chance

or the speaker does not know whether or

not he is going to lose his job so if is

probably a better choice here of course

if the speaker somehow knows information

they could use the word when in this

case but it’s probably better to use if

to show there’s only a chance that this

person could get fired for this

situation okay let’s look at one more

she said she would text me when or if

she had time to get together this is a

situation where both if and when are

possible so we can use if and we can use

win here the nuance though she will text

me if she has time so

if she has time means there’s only a

chance she has time in other words if we

use when she in this sentence she

expects she is going to have time in the

future she said she would text me when

she had time when she had time so

meaning she expects to have time and

she’s going to text the listener if

however the sentence is if she said she

would text me if she had time means she

in the sentence this person she says she

means there’s only a chance she’ll have

time so please be careful sometimes both

if and when are correct but the nuance

is a little bit different so please keep

sentences like these in mind sometimes

especially in a sentence like the first

example we looked at we can potentially

make really really damaged relationships

if we make a mistake between if and when

so please consider this thanks very much

for watching and we’ll see you again

soon

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