How does your brain respond to pain Karen D. Davis

Translator: Jessica Ruby
Reviewer: Caroline Cristal

Let’s say that it would take you
ten minutes to solve this puzzle.

How long would it take

if you received constant
electric shocks to your hands?

Longer, right?

Because the pain would distract
you from the task.

Well, maybe not;

it depends on how you handle pain.

Some people are distracted by pain.

It takes them longer to complete a task,
and they do it less well.

Other people use tasks to distract
themselves from pain,

and those people actually do the task

faster and better when they’re in pain

than when they’re not.

Some people can just send
their mind wandering

to distract themselves from pain.

How can different people

be subjected to the exact
same painful stimulus

and yet experience
the pain so differently?

And why does this matter?

First of all, what is pain?

Pain is an unpleasant sensory
and emotional experience,

associated with actual
or potential tissue damage.

Pain is something we experience,

so it’s best measured
by what you say it is.

Pain has an intensity;

you can describe it on a scale

from zero, no pain, to ten,
the most pain imaginable.

But pain also has a character,

like sharp, dull, burning, or aching.

What exactly creates these
perceptions of pain?

Well, when you get hurt,

special tissue damage-sensing nerve cells,

called nociceptors, fire and send signals

to the spinal cord
and then up to the brain.

Processing work gets done
by cells called neurons and glia.

This is your Grey matter.

And brain superhighways carry information
as electrical impulses

from one area to another.

This is your white matter.

The superhighway that carries
pain information

from the spinal cord to the brain

is our sensing pathway

that ends in the cortex,

a part of the brain
that decides what to do

with the pain signal.

Another system
of interconnected brain cells

called the salience network

decides what to pay attention to.

Since pain can have serious consequences,

the pain signal immediately activates
the salience network.

Now, you’re paying attention.

The brain also responds to the pain

and has to cope with these pain signals.

So, motor pathways are activated

to take your hand off
a hot stove, for example.

But modulation networks are also activated

that deliver endorphins and enkephalins,

chemicals released when you’re in pain
or during extreme exercise,

creating the runner’s high.

These chemical systems help
regulate and reduce pain.

All these networks
and pathways work together

to create your pain experience,

to prevent further tissue damage,

and help you to cope with pain.

This system is similar for everyone,

but the sensitivity and efficacy
of these brain circuits

determines how much
you feel and cope with pain.

This is why some people have
greater pain than others

and why some develop chronic pain

that does not respond to treatment,

while others respond well.

Variability in pain sensitivities

is not so different
than all kinds of variability

in responses to other stimuli.

Like how some people love roller coasters,

but other people suffer
from terrible motion sickness.

Why does it matter
that there is variability

in our pain brain circuits?

Well, there are many treatments for pain,

targeting different systems.

For mild pain,
non-prescription medications

can act on cells
where the pain signals start.

Other stronger pain
medicines and anesthetics

work by reducing the activity
in pain-sensing circuits

or boosting our coping
system, or endorphins.

Some people can cope with pain
using methods that involve

distraction, relaxation, meditation, yoga,

or strategies that can be taught,
like cognitive behavioral therapy.

For some people who suffer
from severe chronic pain,

that is pain that doesn’t go away

months after their injury
should have healed,

none of the regular treatments work.

Traditionally, medical
science has been about

testing treatments on large groups

to determine what would help
a majority of patients.

But this has usually left out

some who didn’t benefit from the treatment

or experienced side effects.

Now, new treatments that directly
stimulate or block

certain pain-sensing attention
or modulation networks

are being developed,

along with ways to tailor them
to individual patients,

using tools like magnetic
resonance imaging

to map brain pathways.

Figuring out how your brain
responds to pain

is the key to finding
the best treatment for you.

That’s true personalized medicine.