Well hey there I'm Emma from mmmEnglish!

Today we're going to talk about two words that are

pretty similar. Two words that I know

many of you have been confused about:

which or that?

Now these words are exactly what we're going to talk

about today, 'which' or 'that' in relative clauses.

And I'll check that you've been listening at the

end of this lesson because I've got a mini quiz

to test you, right?

Ten questions in a little over two minutes.

So make sure you pay attention.

Guys I'd like to take a moment to offer a big warm

shout out to our friends at Lingoda

who are sponsoring this lesson for you today.

Now most of you already know that I've been taking

Spanish lessons with Lingoda

every single day for the last month.

I'll show you.

No - one day I'll remember which one is which.

In the meantime, here are three things

that I love about Lingoda and why I

highly recommend you check them out.

Number one.

They have small classes

with no more than five students in each class.

I always have the chance to join in.

In fact, quite a few of the classes I've had

were just me and the teacher which I was like

"Yes! Private lesson!"

Number two. They have native teachers.

So for you, wanting to learn English, that includes

teachers from the US and the UK.

And number three. They're really, really affordable.

Their group classes start from just eight euros a class.

So if getting results quickly is important to you

right now, you should definitely check them out.

The link to have a look at Lingoda is

in the description below.

And you'll be supporting me and the mmmEnglish

Channel if you use it.

Plus, if you use my code at the checkout, you'll get

twenty percent off your first purchase.

So which one is it?

Which or that?

These words are super, super common.

They have lots of different uses and meanings

which causes confusion.

Which cat?

That cat!

Did you see that?

Which way do I need to go?

But we're not going to go over all of the different uses

of 'which' and 'that' in this video today.

There's loads!

Today we'll focus on those times when it's confusing

or it's unclear which one you should be using.

Which or that?

And that's when they're used in relative clauses

to introduce adjective clauses.

Wait, wait, wait, wait, wait.

Just pause for a second here.

Relative clause, adjective clause,

what are we talking about? That sounds confusing!

Let's look at a few examples.

It's much easier than it sounds.

So take a look at this sentence here.

My car, which is brand new, is making strange noises.

Now can you see that this sentence has two parts?

Two separate bits of information about the car.

My car which is brand new.

My car is making strange noises.

See how each of these clauses has a subject and a verb

That's what makes it a clause.

Now look at the clause that starts with 'which'.

That clause gives us more information

about the subject.

It's not just my car, it's my brand new car.

So 'which' and 'that' are often used at the beginning

of clauses that give us

more information about the subject.

And these are the adjective clauses that we talked

about earlier. They describe the subject in more detail.

But there is an important difference

that you need to remember.

'That' is used for essential clauses.

Now essential means you need it, it's necessary.

You need to use 'that' when you are adding information

that's important.

Okay without it, we wouldn't know exactly

what you're talking about.

We use 'which' when the information is not essential.

It's nice to have extra information but we don't

have to have it to understand the meaning.

Without it, we're still going to understand

the clause in the sentence.

Let's look at a few examples together.

Remember my car? My brand new car.

I'm using 'which' in this sentence because

the information that my car is brand new

is not essential to the meaning in this sentence.

I only have one car.

If I take that part of the sentence out,

then the sentence still makes sense, right?

My car is making strange noises.

Same car, same problem.

Just lacking a bit of detail.

But now let's look at a different example.

The car that I hired last week

was making strange noises.

Now I used 'that' because it's important,

essential information.

I'm trying to be specific about the car because it's not

clear which one I'm talking about.

There are lots of cars for hire.

Maybe I've even driven more than one.

So that is introducing information that helps me

to be specific about which car, alright?

We can't take that part of the sentence out

because then the sentence isn't clear, right?

It just doesn't make sense.

Which car was making noises?

For any of you who are sitting exams and writing

essays - that kind of thing,

there's another really important tip that I've got for you.

Do you notice the difference

between these two sentences?

What's the difference? Apart from 'which' and 'that'.

Yeah it's the commas, right?

This difference in punctuation is absolutely necessary.

So when you have an adjective clause that's starting

with 'that' you don't need to use commas.

This information is essential, right?

It's part of the meaning of the sentence.

It can't be taken out.

If the adjective clause starts with 'which',

then you need to put a comma

before and after the clause.

This makes it seem like it's an extra,

inserted piece of information, which it is, right?

It's got the commas to show you that you can pick it up

and remove it and your sentence still makes sense.

Alright one more example and then you're going to be

more than ready to take the quiz at the end.

Imagine that I have three dogs.

Right, one of my dogs has spots.

The other two don't.

And my dog that has spots is missing.

So if I tell you my dog is missing,

it's not very helpful because you don't know which dog

I'm talking about, right?

My dog that has spots is missing.

The fact that the dog has spots,

it's not the brown one, it's not the white one.

This information is essential,

it's important information, right?

So let's compare it to my brother's dog

because my brother has just one dog.

He got the dog for his birthday and his dog is sick.

My brother's dog is sick.

We don't need to know any more information about this,

right? We know which dog because he's only got one.

But if I wanted to give some extra information

to tell you a little bit more about the dog,

I can use 'which'.

My brother's dog, which he got for his birthday, is sick.

So that's extra information right? It's not essential

So we used 'which' and we used commas.

Okay how are you feeling? Are you ready to

test yourself a little?

I think you are, I think you are more than ready.

I'll be back after this super quick break with a quiz

to check what you learned during this lesson.

Don't go anywhere.

Okay are you ready? All you need to do

is decide

is 'which' or 'that' the correct word to use.

This quiz is going to get faster as we go so you'll have

less and less time to answer each question.

So you've got to be ready, right?

Make sure you keep track of how many questions

you get right so that you can tell me

how you did at the end.

Up here I'm going to show you two sentences

but only one of those sentences is correct.

Right you just need to choose the correct one.

You ready?

Number one.

I have one house that has a green door.

So which of these sentences is the correct sentence?

The answer's B:

My house, which has a green door

is at the end of the street.

I've only got one house, right?

So the detail about the door is not essential information.

So number two.

Shoes that have cheap soles make my feet hurt.

Or:

Shoes, which have cheap soles, make my feet hurt.

A is the right answer here.

Not all shoes have cheap soles, right? And they don't

all hurt my feet, only the shoes with cheap soles.

So I'm being specific, it's essential information.

Number three.

Which one of these is correct?

The ring that my grandma gave me

is worth a lot of money.

Or: The ring which my grandma gave me

is worth a lot of money.

Actually both of them could work here.

So I guess you're right! It would depend if the listener

knew which ring they were talking about, right?

If we both knew that we were talking about this ring,

if I only had one ring on,

then it's just extra information, right?

But if you didn't know which ring,

then I can be specific and say:

"The ring that my grandma gave me."

Number four.

What do you think?

It's definitely A.

He's not allergic to all food, just specifically food

cooked with soy oil.

So see how if we remove this clause,

it changes completely, right?

Food can give him an allergic reaction.

It's a completely different meaning.

The information is essential.

I have one pair of sunglasses and they're pink.

So number five.

B makes more sense. The fact that they're pink

is not really essential information, is it?

So we would choose B.

Number six.

I've had my computer for six years. It's the

only computer that I have.

B. Yes!

Again, this information is not essential because

we know that I only have one computer, right?

Music makes me want to dance

but only music with a good beat

not any other types of music.

Yes it's A, you're right.

My shirt that has a stain on it needs to be washed.

Or: My shirt, which has a stain on it, needs to be washed

A, right? It's essential information.

I need to know which shirt, out of all of my shirts,

which is the one that needs to be washed.

The one with the stain.

I forgot my jacket that's purple on the bus.

I forgot my jacket, which is purple, on the bus.

The answer's B.

Okay the last one now.

The picture that was taken at sunset is my favourite.

The picture, which was taken at sunset, is my favourite.

Yeah! The picture that was taken at sunset

is my favourite.

Perfect! Nice work!

That got really, really fast towards the end,

don't you think?

How did you do?

How many did you get right?

Did you make any mistakes?

Share your results in the comments so I can see

how you did. I love creating new lessons for you

every single week so if you did enjoy this lesson,

then make sure you hit the subscribe button down there.

And let me know if there are any English lessons you are

dying for me to teach.

Right now, I think it's time to head over

here and check out this lesson. I'll see you in there!

{{}}

嗯，嘿，我是来自 mmmEnglish 的 Emma！

今天我们要讨论两个

非常相似的词。 我知道

你们很多人都对两个词感到困惑：

哪个或那个？

现在这些词正是我们

今天要谈论的，关系从句中的“which”或“that”。

在本课结束时，我会检查你是否一直在听，

因为我有一个小测验

来测试你，对吧？

两分钟多一点，十个问题。

所以一定要注意。

伙计们，我想花点时间

向我们在 Lingoda 的朋友们表示热烈的欢呼，

他们今天为你们赞助了这节课。

现在你们中的大多数人已经知道

上个月我每天都在用 Lingoda 上西班牙语课

。

我会给你看。

不——总有一天我会记得哪个是哪个。

同时，以下

是我喜欢 Lingoda 的三件事，以及为什么我

强烈建议您查看它们。

第一。

他们有小班，

每班不超过五名学生。

我总是有机会参加。

事实上，我上过的很多课

都是我和老师，我喜欢

“是的！私人课！”

第二。 他们有本土教师。

所以对你来说，想要学习英语，包括

来自美国和英国的老师。

和第三。 他们真的，真的很实惠。

他们的小组课程每节课只需 8 欧元。

因此，如果现在快速获得结果对您很重要，那么

您绝对应该检查一下。

查看 Lingoda 的链接

在下面的描述中。

如果您使用它，您将支持我和 mmmEnglish

Channel。

另外，如果您在结账时使用我的代码，您将

在首次购买时获得 20% 的折扣。

那么是哪一个呢？

哪个还是那个？

这些词超级超级普通。

它们有许多不同的用途和含义

，导致混淆。

哪只猫？

那只猫！

你看见了吗？

我需要走哪条路？

但是我们

今天不会在这个视频中讨论“which”和“that”的所有不同用法。

有货！

今天，我们将关注那些令人困惑

或不清楚您应该使用哪一个的时候。

哪个还是那个？

这就是它们在关系从句中

用于引入形容词从句的时候。

等等，等等，等等，等等，等等。

在这里暂停一秒钟。

关系从句，形容词从句，

我们在说什么？ 这听起来令人困惑！

让我们看几个例子。

这比听起来容易得多。

所以在这里看看这句话。

我的车是全新的，发出奇怪的声音。

现在你能看出这句话有两个部分吗？

关于汽车的两个单独的信息。

我的车是全新的。

我的车发出奇怪的声音。

看看这些从句中的每一个如何有一个主语和一个动词，

这就是它成为一个从句的原因。

现在看看以“which”开头的子句。

该条款为我们提供了

有关该主题的更多信息。

这不仅是我的车，还是我的全新车。

因此，“which”和“that”通常用于

从句的开头，为我们

提供有关该主题的更多信息。

这些就是我们之前谈到的形容词从句

。 他们更详细地描述了这个主题。

但是您需要记住一个重要的区别

。

'that' 用于基本从句。

现在必不可少意味着您需要它，这是必要的。

当您添加重要的信息时，您需要使用“that”

。

好吧，没有它，我们不会确切

知道你在说什么。

当信息不重要时，我们使用“which”。

很高兴有额外的信息，但我们不必

拥有它来理解其含义。

没有它，我们仍然会

理解句子中的子句。

我们一起来看几个例子。

还记得我的车吗？ 我的新车。

我在这句话中使用“哪个”，

因为我的车是全新的信息对于

这句话的含义并不重要。

我只有一辆车。

如果我把句子的那一部分去掉，

那么这句话仍然有意义，对吧？

我的车发出奇怪的声音。

同样的车，同样的问题。

只是缺少一点细节。

但现在让我们看一个不同的例子。

我上周租的车

发出奇怪的声音。

现在我使用“that”，因为它是重要的、

必不可少的信息。

我试图具体说明这辆车，因为

不清楚我在说哪一辆。

有很多汽车出租。

也许我什至开过不止一辆。

所以这是介绍帮助

我具体了解哪辆车的信息，好吗？

我们不能把句子的那一部分去掉，

因为这样句子就不清楚了，对吧？

这没有任何意义。

哪辆车发出声音？

对于正在参加考试和写

论文的任何人——诸如此类的事情

，我还有另一个非常重要的提示给你们。

你注意到

这两个句子之间的区别了吗？

有什么不同？ 除了“哪个”和“那个”。

是的，是逗号，对吧？

标点符号的这种差异是绝对必要的。

因此，当您有一个以“that”开头的形容词从句时，

您不需要使用逗号。

这些信息是必不可少的，对吧？

这是句子意思的一部分。

它不能被取出。

如果形容词从句以“which”开头，

则需要

在从句前后各加逗号。

这使它看起来像是一个额外的

插入信息，它是，对吧？

它有逗号来告诉你，你可以拿起它

并删除它，你的句子仍然有意义。

好吧，再举一个例子，然后你就

可以准备好在最后参加测验了。

想象一下，我有三只狗。

对，我的一只狗有斑点。

其他两个没有。

我的有斑点的狗不见了。

所以，如果我告诉你我的狗不见了，

这不是很有帮助，因为你不知道

我在说哪只狗，对吧？

我的有斑点的狗不见了。

事实上，狗有斑点

，不是棕色的，也不是白色的。

这些信息很重要，

很重要，对吧？

因此，让我们将它与我兄弟的狗进行比较，

因为我兄弟只有一只狗。

他为他的生日买了狗，他的狗病了。

我哥哥的狗病了。

我们不需要知道更多关于这方面的信息，

对吧？ 我们知道哪只狗，因为他只有一只。

但是如果我想提供一些额外的信息

来告诉你更多关于这只狗的信息，

我可以使用“which”。

我哥哥的狗，他为他的生日买的，病了。

所以这是额外的信息，对吧？ 这不是必需的

所以我们使用了“which”并且我们使用了逗号。

好的，你感觉如何？ 你准备好

测试一下自己了吗？

我认为你是，我认为你已经准备好了。

在这个超级快速的休息之后，我会回来做一个测验

，看看你在这节课中学到了什么。

不要去任何地方。

好的，你准备好了吗？ 您需要做的

就是决定使用

“哪个”或“那个”正确的词。

随着我们的进行，这个测验会变得越来越快，这样你

回答每个问题的时间就会越来越少。

所以你必须做好准备，对吧？

确保你记录了你答对了多少问题

，这样你就可以告诉我

你最后的表现如何。

在这里，我将向您展示两句话，

但其中只有一个是正确的。

对，你只需要选择正确的一个。

你准备好了吗？

第一。

我有一所房子有一扇绿色的门。

那么这些句子中哪一个是正确的句子呢？

答案是B：

我家有一扇绿色的门，

就在街道的尽头。

我只有一所房子，对吧？

所以关于门的细节不是必要的信息。

所以排名第二。

鞋底便宜的鞋子让我的脚受伤。

或者：

鞋底便宜的鞋子让我的脚受伤。

A是这里的正确答案。

不是所有的鞋子都有便宜的鞋底，对吧？ 而且它们并

没有伤到我的脚，只有廉价鞋底的鞋子。

所以我说得很具体，这是必不可少的信息。

第三。

其中哪一项是正确的？

我奶奶给我的戒指

值很多钱。

或者：我奶奶给我的戒指

值很多钱。

其实他们俩都可以在这里工作。

所以我想你是对的！ 这取决于听众是否

知道他们在说哪个戒指，对吧？

如果我们都知道我们在谈论这个戒指，

如果我只戴了一个戒指，

那只是额外的信息，对吧？

但如果你不知道是哪个戒指，

那我可以具体说：

“我奶奶给我的戒指。”

排名第四。

你怎么认为？

肯定是A。

他不是对所有食物都过敏，只是对

用豆油烹制的食物过敏。

那么看看如果我们删除这个子句，

它会完全改变，对吧？

食物会让他产生过敏反应。

这是完全不同的意思。

信息是必不可少的。

我有一副太阳镜，它们是粉红色的。

所以五号。

B 更有意义。 它们是粉红色的事实

并不是真正重要的信息，是吗？

所以我们会选择

B。第六。

我的电脑已经六年了。 这

是我唯一的电脑。

B. 是的！

同样，这些信息不是必需的，因为

我们知道我只有一台计算机，对吧？

音乐让我想跳舞，

但只有节奏很好的音乐而

不是任何其他类型的音乐。

是的，它是A，你是对的。

我的衬衫上有污渍需要清洗。

或者：我的衬衫上面有污渍，需要洗

A，对吧？ 这是必不可少的信息。

我需要知道在我所有的衬衫中

哪一件是需要洗的。

有污点的那个。

我在公共汽车上忘记了我的紫色夹克。

我把紫色的夹克忘在公共汽车上了。

答案是 B。

好的，现在是最后一个。

在日落时拍的照片是我最喜欢的。

这张照片是在日落时分拍的，是我最喜欢的。

是的！ 在日落时拍的照片

是我最喜欢的。

完美的！ 干得好！

到最后真的非常非常快，

你不觉得吗？

你是怎么做的？

你答对了多少？

你犯过什么错误吗？

在评论中分享您的结果，以便我

了解您的表现。 我喜欢每周为您创建新课程，

所以如果您确实喜欢本课程，请

确保您点击了下方的订阅按钮。

如果有任何英语课程你

很想教我，请告诉我。

现在，我想是时候到

这里来看看这节课了。 我在里面见！