ENGLISH SPEECH NEIL DeGRASSE TYSON Human Motivators English Subtitles
Thank you for that warm introduction, but
it requires a couple of clarifications
I’d like to offer. That asteroid
with my name on it before I agreed
to accept that distinction, I verified
it was not headed towards earth. Because
that would be rough right there that
story Tyson takes out North America.
Also, that People Magazine distinction sexiest
astrophysicist alive. First you have to consider
the category, all right. I don’t… not something
you get big headed about I don’t think. Indeed,
my wife is a graduate of Rice University and
somehow of all the things that she remembers most,
what I seem to hear most about was baker
beer bike, right. Is that still happen?
Now back when she was there the official drinking
age in Texas was still 14. So, I don’t know.
Now, why am I asked to deliver this commencement
address? I think it’s because of my association,
my long association as sort of a follower and
advisor of NASA. And it was announced that this
is the hundredth anniversary the closing of the
hundredth year of the founding of the school.
It’s also the closing of the 50th year of
the famous speech given by president Kennedy
in Rice Stadium to an audience of 35,000
people. Titled, ‘We choose to go to the moon’
speech. That very phrase appears in the
speech and it is followed by the phrase,
‘Not because it’s easy, but because it’s
hard.’ That speech was delivered here
on the campus of Rice university.
That was delivered a year after
president Kennedy announced that maybe the moon
is something, we should do some place we should
go to. That was first announced in congress, May
25th, 1961. We were spooked into him saying that.
Six weeks before that speech the Soviet Union
launched Yuri Gagarin into orbit. As I tweeted
about a year ago, Yuri again was the
fifth mammal to achieve this feat.
After a dog, a chimp, a few mice, and a hamster.
But the point there is, in that speech
that’s where he uttered the phrase,
‘We will put a man on a moon return him
safely to earth before the decade is out.’
That’s kind of all he said about
the moon in that speech. The whole
plan got laid out in Rice Stadium a year later.
So, you can say, oh we had charisma and will and
political motivation back then, until you look at
the beginning of that speech he gave to congress.
Three paragraphs, two or three paragraphs
before he says we’ll go to the moon. He says,
‘The events of recent weeks Yuri Gagarin going
into orbit’. If those are any indication of the
impact of this adventure on the minds of men
everywhere, then we need to show the world the
path to freedom over the path to tyranny. It was a
battle cry against communism. People were spooked.
NASA got founded a year after Sputnik was
launched, motivated by a cold war climate.
So, what happens president Kennedy gives his
let’s go to the moon speech in Rice Stadium,
a year later Rice donates the land that is Johnson
space center. That is the seat of the astronaut
program of NASA. Rice university was there at
the beginning of this epic adventure to the moon.
Now I’ve studied this, what drives people to
do things. I’ve looked throughout all of time,
all of human time and I found only three
drivers that get people to do things
in a big way. One of them is war,
that’s obvious to any political analyst.
War makes you spend money like it’s a flowing
river. Even when you don’t have money you
spend the money like it’s a flowing river. War,
one of the great motivators of human conduct.
A next motivator is money. So, the first is I
don’t want to die. The next one is I don’t want
to die poor, right. Two great motivators
in the history of human cultures. There’s
a third motivator much less revealed in the world
today and that’s the praise of royalty and deity.
That’s what gets you the pyramids in Egypt and the
Church building and Cathedral building of Europe.
Today you don’t find Gods and kings
driving major investments. So,
we’re left with just sort of war and money,
that’s kind of what’s going on here. But we
haven’t been honest with ourselves about that.
If you go to Kennedy space center in Florida,
there is that section of his speech. We’ll
go to the moon before the decade is out
and it stands chills up your spine.
Because he galvanized an entire nation.
But what’s missing on the granite wall behind
where this is chiseled in, is the other part of
the speech. Where he introduces the war driver.
No one ever spent big money just to explore. No,
no one has ever done that.
I wish they did, but they don’t. So,
we went to the moon on a war driver. But that’s
conveniently left out in the granite wall behind
Kennedy. They could have put it in, and they could
have summarized. Kill the commies go to the moon,
right. That’s what they could have said but they
didn’t. That part got cleansed from our memory.
So, cleansed from our memory that
20 years after we landed on the moon
George Herbert Walker Bush wants to give a similar
kind of rabble-rousing speech that Kennedy did.
July 20th, 1989, he goes to the steps of the air
and space museum in Washington an auspicious day,
commemorating the moon landing. An auspicious
moment, and he puts a lot of the same language
in his speech. Reflecting on Columbus Voyages and
all the, which was driven by money by the way.
All the great explorers of the past saying,
it’s our time it’s time to go to Mars,
time to go to Mars. It got costed out at $500
billion, it was DOA in congress at $500 billion.
But, wait a minute. That was going
to be spent over about 30 years.
You divide 500 billion by 30, that’s about $16
billion a year, that’s NASA’s annual budget.
You could have just made that the trip to Mars,
but people got spooked by the money. Why? You
know what else happened in 1989, peace broke out
in Europe. That’s what happened in 1989 the war
driver evaporated. No, we didn’t go to Mars, no
and people are saying. ‘oh, we lost our drive;
we lost our will.’ No, it’s the same will we’ve
ever had we just weren’t threatened. That’s a
sobering thought. But I had there’s a solution in
there I think, there’s a solution. How about the
money driver? Do you realize in the 1960s, the GDP
per capita of the united states rose 35% across
that decade and it hasn’t risen that high since?
In fact, in the decade of this century it rose 0%
between 2000 and 2010. It been dropping ever
since. Of course, there’s a lot of complex
analysis related to that but all I’m saying is one
could say that going into space inspires people.
You can remove the war driver and say it’ll
boost our economy, not just spin-offs. You
always have spin off who doesn’t love a good
spin-off. But it inspires people to innovate.
Headlines: We’re going to the moon. We’re going
to Mars. We’re looking for water. We’re looking
for fuel. We want to deflect an asteroid. These
headlines hit the press and you convert; you shape
a nation into one that becomes an innovation
nation. That’s what was going on in the 60s.
Everybody was thinking about the future. That
was the bloodiest decade on American soil
since the civil war a hundred years earlier.
Civil rights movement, campus unrest, 100
servicemen dying a week in a hot war in Southeast
Asia. We were in the middle of the cold war.
1968, the bloodiest year in that decade, two
assassinations. Apollo 8, an unheralded mission
hardly ever hears of Apollo 8. The first
mission to leave earth and go someplace
other than orbit. It went to the moon, didn’t
land but it went to the moon, December, 1968.
It orbited the moon, came around the
back side. They held up a camera and
there was earth rising over the lunar surface.
That to this day is the most recognized photograph
of anything at any time of any object earthrise.
And there was earth, not as we had ever seen it.
It was in display as nature would have
you absorb what it is. There was earth,
not with color-coded countries.
There was earth with oceans, land,
clouds. Do you realize no representation of
earth before that included clouds? No one
thought to think that maybe the atmosphere
is part of earth. No one drew that before.
So, what happens? Here’s something interesting.
Over the next four years 1969, 70, 71,
72, 73, 5 years the following happens on earth.
The environmental protection agency is founded. A
comprehensive clean air act, a comprehensive clean
water act is passed. Earth day is founded. The
organization doctors without borders is founded.
Where do they get that phrase without borders?
Where did that come from? Did anyone before that
photo think of earth as a place without borders?
No. What else happened? DDT was banned, the
catalytic converter was introduced, leaded gas was
removed from the environment. All of this happened
in those five years, while we were still at war.
Something changed about us, after
the publication of that photo.
It was a cultural response to our presence in
space. It affected commerce, it affected how
we treated earth. It affected our outlook, it
had us thinking about a future as never before.
The world’s fair in New York city was all about
the future. The world’s fair didn’t create that
decade the decade created that world’s fair.
So, you know what happens? You go to the moon;
you look back and it’s a whole new
perspective a cosmic perspective.
We went to the moon to explore it, but in
fact we discovered earth for the first time.
That takes vision. By the way, the first president
of Rice University was an astrophysicist.
Look it up.
What a private enterprise they’re there, they’re
going to help out but not going to lead this.
You know why they can’t lead it? Because space is
expensive, it’s dangerous and it has unquantified
risks. You put all three of those under one
umbrella, it cannot establish a capital market
valuation of that exercise. Private enterprise
comes later governments need to do that first
to find out where the trade winds
are, map the coastlines of space.
Then private enterprise comes in, that’s how
it’s always happened. That’s how it happened
with Columbus. The first Europeans to the new
world were not the Dutch East India trading
company ships. It was Columbus funded by Spain
in a vision that the nation had of exploration.
All of you will graduate in some kind of major
today, a major. But you know what your major
is? You can boast what you know in your major but
at the end of the day it’s actually a stovepipe.
You know a lot about this thing that sits
in a stovepipe. But I just described to
you the Apollo program that involved
mathematicians, scientists, engineers,
artists. Artists captured what this voyage was on
the pages of life magazine and collier’s magazine.
Artists, engineers, lawyers, yes.
There are lawyers in there too.
It was an entire participation of a culture.
An interplay of politics, science, technology
and who and what we were as a nation.
So, your diploma is really not a ticket to show
off what you know. You know what it really is?
It’s permission to admit to yourself how much you
still have yet to learn. And you know it’s still
left to learn, all the things that come together
when great things happen in a nation, when great
things happen in a world. As I said the science,
the art, the geopolitics all of that matters.
Nothing happens without some touching of
all those branches of culture. There is no
solution to a problem that does not embrace
all that we have created as a species.
So, I can tell you the original seeds the space
programs were planted right here on this campus.
And I can tell you that in the
years since we landed on the moon
America has lost its exploratory compass.
But I know the talent that is seated here,
because I have conversations with
my wife. I know who’s in front of
me right now. I know what legacy means.
I know what happened here 50 years ago.
I know all of this. I can tell you that,
now is the time for you the class of 2013
to lead the nation as Rice graduates
once again. Thank you all for your time.