elementary level
lesson 1 places to live
part-1
monster cities
our big city's wonderful places
are they terrible
there are different ideas about this
William H white writes books about
cities
he is happy in a crowded city
he loves busy streets with many stores
and many people
he likes the life in city parks and
restaurants
many people don't like big cities
they see the large population of cities
and they are afraid
many cities are growing very fast
they are monster cities
monster is a big terrible thing
in some countries there are no jobs in
small towns
people go to cities to work
for example 300,000 people go to Sao
Paulo Brazil every year
in China about 183 thousand people moved
to Beijing from the countryside every
year
Sall Paulo and Beijing are both mega
cities
a megacity is a very very big city
it includes the main city and the cities
and towns around it
Mexico City is a mega city
it has a population of about 8 million
600,000 in the city itself but there are
more than 21 million people in the mega
city
Tokyo is another mega city with over 8
million 200,000 people in Tokyo but over
31 million in Tokyo and the cities
around it
London is another mega city
there are about seven million four
hundred thousand people in London and
about eighteen million four hundred
thousand in London and the surrounding
towns and cities
there are problems in all cities
there are big or mega problems in a mega
city
in many US cities there are many people
with no jobs and no homes
the air is dirty
there are too many cars
problem is crime
many people are afraid of crime
want to feel safe
population density is the number of
people in one square mile 2.59 square
kilometers
population density is a big problem in
many cities
in Miami Florida the density is only
7700 48
in Bangkok Thailand there are 58
thousand three hundred ninety-seven
people per square mile
is this crowded
but other cities are more crowded
do you think William H white likes Hong
Kong
the population density there is 240 7501
part-2
my neighborhood
my name is Elena Sanchez
I'm from Mexico but now I live in
California
I'm a student here in English language
classes at a small college
I live in an apartment building
on the corner of Olive Street and
Sycamore Avenue
my address is 2201 Olive Street
there's a big olive tree in front of the
building
there's a park across the street
there are a lot of oak trees in the park
the trees are beautiful in the summer
a lot of my neighbors are from different
countries
the people next to me are from Indonesia
the family across from the Indonesian
family is from Colombia
the stores in this neighborhood are
always busy
there's a Korean drugstore and in
Armenian flower shop
a Chinese church is next to the flower
shop
there are three restaurants on Olive
Street one Mexican one Japanese and one
Moroccan italian-american
I like my neighborhood but I ask myself
one question where are the Americans
lesson two shopping
part-1
internet shopping
25 years ago very few people use the
Internet
only scientists and people in the
government knew about the internet and
how to use it
this is changing very fast
now almost everyone knows about the
internet and many people are online on
the internet every day
when people think about the Internet
they often think about information
but now more and more when people think
about the Internet
they think about shopping
amazon.com was one of the first
companies to try to sell products on the
Internet
Jeff Bezos started the company
one day he made a prediction about the
future
he saw that the world wide web was
growing 2,000 percent a year
he predicted that it was going to
continue to grow and he thought that
shopping was going to move to the
Internet
people were going to shop online
he quit his good job and drove across
the country to Seattle Washington
there he started an online bookstore
called amazon.com
Bezos had very little money
the company began in a garage a building
for a car and at first there were very
few customers people who buy things
at the amazon.com site people can search
for a book about a subject find many
different books about that subject read
what other people think about the books
order them by credit card and get them
in the mail in two days
this kind of bookstore was a new idea
but the business grew
in a few years amazon.com had 10 million
customers and sold 18 million different
items in categories including books CDs
toys electronics videos DVDs home
improvement products things that you use
to fix up a house software and video
games
today at a virtual shopping mall a group
of online stores you can buy anything
from gourmet food special usually
expensive food to vacations
fifteen years ago many people said
online shopping is crazy nobody can make
money in an online company
they were wrong
today Jeff Bezos is a billionaire
more and more people are shopping online
and online companies are making a profit
it is a huge business
but some people predict online business
isn't going to grow anymore
they say customers are afraid of online
crime and they will stop shopping on the
Internet
are these people right
nobody knows but we'll soon find out
part-2
predicting the future of shopping
there are different ideas
about shopping in the future
some people say everybody is going to
shop online from home
there won't be any more real stores or
shopping malls
but other people have a different
picture of the future
they say there will still be shopping
malls
in the future many people will work at
home alone on their computers
they'll want to go out to stores for
their shopping
they'll want to socialize be with other
people
maybe they're right
but the stores of the future will
probably be different from stores today
shopping in stores will be easy
first people won't need to carry many
bags from store to store
in stores they will only choose products
they won't carry them home
the stores will deliver most of their
purchases such as clothes and books to
their houses
second people won't need to carry money
or credit cards with them
and I scan will identify their eyes and
put their purchase on their credit card
shopping malls will probably also be
different from today
they won't only have big department
stores on many small stores
molls will still be places for shopping
and for entertainment such as movies
but in moles of the future busy people
will also do other things
they will go to the doctor the dentist
and the post office
they will go to the gym to
everybody agrees about one thing
shopping will be different in the future
lesson three family
part-1
changing families
families in almost every country are
changing
this is true in rich countries and poor
ones
it is true in Africa the Americas Asia
and Europe
all over the world families are getting
smaller
in north africa in the past many people
lived in extended families
fifty to a hundred people live together
in a group of houses
these were all family members
grandparents aunts uncles cousins
children and grandchildren
but now this traditional family is
breaking into smaller groups
the traditional family in Mexico was
also big
one generation ago the average Mexican
woman had seven children
today she has an average of only 2.5
children
now without so many children families
don't need to spend so much money on
basics such as food clothing and housing
the traditional Japanese family was also
an extended family a son his parents his
wife his children and his unmarried
brothers and sisters
three generations live together
but this tradition is changing
now most families are nuclear families
parents and their children and most
Japanese parents have only one or two
children
these families have new problems
many men and women spend a lot of time
at work
they don't spend much time together as a
family
this can be very difficult
some young women don't want this kind of
marriage
job and live with their parents
they say I don't need to get married
in Europe in traditional families the
woman stayed home with the children and
the man had a job
but families all over Europe are
changing
the number of divorces is going up
in Germany 41% of all marriages end in
divorce
in Finland that number is 56%
many Europeans don't get a divorce but
they don't get married either
in much of Europe many people live alone
in France more than 26 percent of women
between age 30 and 34 live alone and
more than 27% of men of the same age
live alone
the number of single-parent families is
going up to
in Denmark 60% of all firstborn children
have parents who are not married
the world is changing and families are
changing too
are many new types of families but most
seem to be getting smaller
part-2
our family reunion
these are pictures of my family
Cheers last summer
we don't live together we live in
different cities different states and
two countries
but we often talk to each other on the
phone or send email
every summer all the relatives come
together for a week
this is our family reunion and it's so
much fun
there are two branches in our family one
branch from Mexico and one from the
United States people come to the reunion
from California Arizona New York and
Florida
other people come from Mexico City and
Puerto Verta
we alternate the reunion place one year
in Mexico and the next year in Arizona
my great-grandparents lived in Puerto
Verta and my grandparents now live in
Arizona
at the Reunion we have a picnic one day
we play baseball swim and eat a lot
we play volleyball too
the women and girls are on one team and
the men and boys are on the other
one day some of us go shopping
one night we always have a big barbecue
we sit around a fire tell stories and
eat a lot
some of my aunts and uncles sing and
play music
on the last night we have a dinner dance
at a nice hotel
we listen to music dance and eat a lot
our family really likes to eat
we don't only eat
we visit with each other all week
we talk about problems
we plan weddings and cry about divorces
sometimes we argue
all bring their new babies new wives and
husbands and new girlfriends and
boyfriends
it's good to have a big family
but at the end of the week I'm always
very tired
happy to be alone
lesson for personal health
part-1
Health News for body and mind
nobody wants to be sick
everyone wants to be healthy and most
people want to have a long life too
but a healthy body is not enough
we all want both physical and mental
health
what can we do to stay well
most of us know some things to do
it's a good idea to exercise for example
in a gym eat fruit vegetables and fish
and drink lots of water
we also know things not to do it's a bad
idea to eat a lot of junk food such as
chips ice cream candy doughnuts and
other foods with sugar or fat
it's a bad idea to be a couch potato a
person who watches a lot of TV and
doesn't exercise
it's a terrible idea to smoke
but scientists now have new information
about other ways to stay healthy
some of it is surprising
drink cocoa
several beverages are good for the
health
orange juice has vitamin C
milk has calcium
black tea and green tea are good for
health too
they have antioxidants these fight
diseases such as cancer and heart
disease
most people know this
but most people don't know about cocoa
hot chocolate
they enjoy the sweet chocolaty beverage
but they don't know about its
antioxidants
it has more antioxidants than tea
relax
too much stress which is worried about
problems in life is not good for
physical health
for example it makes your blood pressure
go up
now we know more
some stress is chronic which means that
it lasts a long time for many months or
years
chronic stress can make people old
as people get older they get gray hair
and wrinkles in their skin and their
eyesight and hearing become worse
this is normal but chronic stress makes
people age grow old faster
a scientist at the University of
California San Francisco studies stress
she can now identify how stress makes
people age it can damage hurt the body's
DNA
the lesson from this is clear
need to learn to relax
sleeeeep
one easy and cheap way to help both your
physical and mental health is just to
sleep eight hours or more every night
but more and more people are not
sleeping enough
according to the World Health
Organization over half the people in the
world may be sleep deprived which means
they don't get enough sleep
sleep-deprived people often have medical
problems such as high blood pressure
diabetes a problem with sugar in the
blood and heart problems
it is also more difficult for them to
make decisions
clearly we need to find time to get more
sleep
but there is another reason
a new study from Germany found that
sleep makes people smarter
the study shows that the brain continues
to work during sleep and helps the
sleeper to work on problems
you didn't do your homework last night
maybe you can tell your teacher that you
were working hard in your sleep
learn languages
how many languages do you speak
there might be good news for you
a study from a university in Canada
found something interesting
bilingual people who speak two languages
very well do better on tests than people
who speak only one language
it seems to be mental exercise to hold
two languages in your brain
Ellen Bialystok of York University says
it's like going to a brain gym
conclusion
to have good physical and mental health
we need to eat right relax sleep enough
and exercise both the body and the brain
there is a lot of new information about
health
some of it is surprising
we need to know about it
lesson five women and men
part-1
men's talk and women's talk in the
United States
marriage is often not easy love is often
not easy sometimes friendship between a
man and a woman is not easy
maybe a man and a woman love or like
each other but they argue they get angry
later they apologize but it happens
again and again
what's the problem our men and women
really very different
Deborah Tannen says yes
men and women are very different
Tannen teaches at Georgetown University
in Washington DC
she writes books about the ways people
talk
she believes that men and women talk and
think in different ways
she tells about some differences in her
book you just don't understand
it begins in childhood
the difference is Tannen says begin when
men and women are children
very young boys and girls are similar to
each other
in other words they like many of the
same things and play in the same ways
they aren't very different
there is a change
when children in the United States are 5
or 6 years old
boys usually play in large groups
one boy gives orders
for example he says take this go over
there and be on this team
he is the leader
boys also brag in other words they say
good things about themselves they do
this to have a high position place in
the hierarchy in other words the system
from low to high position in the group
is important to boys
girls in the United States usually play
in small groups or with one other girl
a girl's best friend her very very good
friend is important to her
girls don't often give orders they give
suggestions for example they say let's
go over there maybe we should do this
and do you want to play with that
girls don't usually have a leader and
they don't often brag
everyone has an equal position
boys and girls play in different ways
too
much of the time little girls sit
together and talk they have
conversations little boys are usually
active they do things when children grow
up nothing really changes
who talks more and why
many people believe that women talk more
than men do according to Deborah Tannen
this isn't exactly true
she says women talk more than men only
in private situations at home with
family or with a few friends
in public situations in other words in a
big group or at work men talk more
Tannen says that men and women often
talk for different reasons men talked to
give or get information
they also talk to get or keep a high
position among other men
but for women people and feelings are
important women often talk to socialize
and show interest and love
they also talk to keep their close
relationships with friends and family
conclusion
although a man and a woman might speak
the same language sometimes they don't
understand each other
men's talk and women's talk are almost
two different languages
but maybe men and women can learn to
understand each other
if they understand the differences in
speech
you
part-2
he said she said a u.s. couple
well doctor I'm beginning to worry about
my marriage
my wife and I just don't understand each
other
like to do things with me she won't play
tennis or baseball with me she doesn't
like to fix the car with me
she doesn't work on the house with me
you know paint the house or fix the roof
she doesn't listen when I talk about
interesting things sports money or world
politics
sometimes she gets angry with me about
unimportant things and she talks and
talks and talks about uninteresting
things
what's wrong with her
well doctor I'm beginning to worry about
my marriage my husband and I just don't
understand each other
we both work full-time but I do all the
work at home you know fix dinner wash
clothes and clean the house
his life is easy he has only one job I
have to sometimes I feel so lonely
when he's home he reads the newspaper or
watches TV
he doesn't talk with me he talks at me
he only talks with his friends
he doesn't listen if I tell him about my
day
he isn't interested in our friends and
relatives
sometimes he gives me orders
sometimes he tells me about sports or
politics but I don't like it because I
feel like a student in school
what's wrong with him
lesson six sleep and dream
part-1
the purpose of sleep and dreams
many people wonder why do we sleep why
do we dream
they ask themselves the purpose or
reason
there are many theories or opinions
about this but scientists don't know if
these ideas are correct
theories of sleep
one theory of sleep says that during the
day we use many important chemicals in
our bodies and brains
we need sleep to make new chemicals and
repair or fix our bodies
this theory is called the repair theory
one piece of evidence for this theory is
that our bodies produce more of a growth
hormone a chemical that helps us grow
while we sleep
another theory is that the purpose of
sleep is to dream
dreaming occurs or happens only during
one stage or period of sleep REM rapid
eye movement sleep
REM sleep occurs about every 90 minutes
and lasts for about 20 minutes some
scientists believe that REM sleep helps
us to remember things but other
scientists don't agree
dream Theory's
whatever the reason for sleep everyone
sleeps and everyone dreams every night
many times we don't remember our dreams
but we still dream
like sleep no one knows exactly why we
dream or what dreams mean
there have been many theories about
dreams throughout history
many cultures believe that dreams can
predict the future that they can tell us
what is going to happen to us
however some people believe that dreams
are only a form of entertainment
psychologists such as Sigmund Freud say
that dreams are not predictions of the
future psychologists have strong beliefs
about dreams
however these scientists don't always
agree with each other there are several
different theories about the purpose of
dreaming
Freud who wrote around the year 1900
said that dreams can tell us about our
emotions feelings and desires or wishes
Freud believed that our dreams are full
of symbols
in other words things in our dreams mean
other things for example a road in a
dream isn't really a road
it might be a symbol of the dreamers
life
Freud thought that dreams are about
things from our past from our childhood
other psychologists say no
they believe that dreams are about the
present about our ideas desires and
problems now
other psychologists say that dreams have
no meaning at all
new evidence
we still don't know why we dream
however there is interesting new
evidence from research or studies about
the brain
when we are awake many parts of our
brain are active for example the parts
for emotions vision the ability to see
logic the ability to think and
understand and others
however when we are asleep and dreaming
the part of the brain for logic is not
active
maybe this new evidence answers one
common question why do dreams seem so
crazy
part two
a dream narrative
this is the dream of a 40 year old
businessman he is married and has two
children
he goes to a psychologist because he
feels anxious a lot
the psychologist told him to write down
his dreams this is his dream from June
7th
dream June 7th
in my dream I was in a large city
it was very big and very dark
the city seemed like New York but it
didn't look like the real New York
I was in a friend's apartment
it was comfortable
a few minutes I left and went out on the
street alone
I walked for a while
then I realized I was lost
I couldn't find my friend's apartment
again
I started to feel uncomfortable
tried to return to the apartment but all
of the streets looked unfamiliar and
completely different and I didn't know
my friend's address
I began to feel anxious
I kept walking
I wanted to find something familiar
it was getting late
I decided to go home
I knew my home was outside the city
I saw buses on the street but I didn't
know which one to take
I couldn't find a way to leave the city
there was a way to get home but I didn't
know it I asked for directions
the people answered but they didn't make
any sense all their directions were very
complicated and I couldn't understand
them
suddenly I was on a boat
boat was traveling across a very
dangerous river
it was dark
River was very dirty there was garbage
in it
I couldn't see the other side of the
river and I was afraid I began to think
I'll never get home
I tried to ask for help but no one
listened to me
then I woke up
lesson seven work in jobs
part-1
volunteering
some people go to work each day and then
come home they spend time with their
family and friends maybe they watch TV
or go to a movie
sometimes they exercise or read this is
their life but for other people this
isn't enough
they look around their neighborhoods and
see people with terrible hardships
sickness loneliness and homelessness
other people see problems with the
environment
many people want to help they volunteer
they give some of their time to help
others
volunteers help in many ways
some visit sick and lonely people
give their friendship to children
without parents
some build houses for homeless people
others sit and hold babies with AIDS
and II Lipkis was at summer camp when he
planted his first tree
he began to think about the environment
in many countries people were cutting
down trees
and Alypius worried about this in 1974
he started a group tree people to plant
trees pine Elm Cypress and eucalyptus
they also began to plant fruit trees and
poor neighborhoods because fresh fruit
is often too expensive for poor people
today there are thousands of members of
tree people and more join every day they
plant millions of trees everywhere to
help the environment and people
Ruth Brinker wasn't planning to change
the world then a young friend became
sick he had AIDS soon he was very sick
and he couldn't take care of himself
Brinker and other friends began to help
him
in 1985 Brinker started project open
hand this group cooks meals and takes
them to people with AIDS
soon project open-hand volunteers were
cooking many meals every day and
delivering them to people who couldn't
leave home
today volunteers prepared 2,000 meals
daily
Ruth Brinker didn't plan to change the
world but she is making a change in
people's lives
only three volunteers began the Marine
Mammal Center in Northern California in
1975
today there are 800 volunteers
they work with mammals mammals are
animals that feed on their mother's milk
when young
the volunteers help sick ocean mammals
seals sea lions and sea otters
the sick animals become well and strong
motherless baby animals grow big and
healthy
for many weeks or sometimes months
volunteers help to feed and take care of
these animals
they also work in an educational program
that teaches people about these animals
the volunteers don't get any pay for
their hard work
their pay is the good feeling on the day
when they can release a healthy animal
take it to its home the ocean and let it
go free
thirty or forty years ago most
volunteers were housewives
they volunteered time while their
husbands were working
today both men and women volunteer and
teenagers and children too
there are volunteers from all social
classes all neighborhoods and all ages
most aren't rich or famous they enjoy
their volunteer work
people need them today the world needs
volunteers more than ever before
perhaps a young Zulu boy from South
Africa in Cosi Johnson said it best
before he died of AIDS at the age of 12
he made a speech that is now famous
in this speech he said do all you can
with what you have in the time you have
in the place you are
you
part-2
my special year
my name is Pablo I think I'm a lucky guy
good family and we live in a nice
neighborhood in a really special place
Puerto Vallarta Mexico
people travel here from many countries
for their vacations we have beautiful
beaches hotels restaurants shopping and
sports
in my beautiful hometown there are also
very poor neighborhoods
these areas are crowded and have a lot
of crime
life is terrible for many of the
children in these areas some don't
really have a childhood because they're
homeless and live on the streets
they don't have families or education
don't have enough food
most of them have chronic stress many
use drugs or have diseases or mental
problems
last year I came back to Puerto Vallarta
from my University in Mexico City
I spent one year as a volunteer with an
organization called outreach
international
they have several programs
I volunteered for one program to help
street children
it was the best and most difficult year
of my life
I learned a lot that year
I worked in a home for street children
all boys at this one
it's in an old school that nobody uses
now
at this home the boys have a place to
sleep and three meals daily but it's not
a school they go to a neighborhood
school
the home keeps the boys off the streets
it shows them another way of life
as a volunteer I helped to prepare meals
I taught games such as basketball and
football and art
I helped the kids with their homework
these kids can be fun
they have a lot of energy but they're
also really tough there are hardships on
the streets make them strong and not
always sweet little children
at this boys home I met two other
volunteers Brian from Canada and Greg
from Australia
in many ways we were very similar
we were the same age came from good
homes had a good education and liked to
travel
they were both college students like me
we became friends
I help them with Spanish and they helped
me with English
they came to meet my family and we had
fun together
now we email each other
but more than anything I will always
remember the children I hope their lives
can be better in the future
the contrast between their lives and my
life is big
I hope they can have a good life like I
do
lesson eight eating and food
part-1
new foods new diets
diet of the past
on March 26th 1662 samuel peeps and four
friends had lunch at his home in London
England
they ate beef cheese two kinds of fish
and six chickens
today we might wonder what no fruits no
vegetables
more than 300 years ago people in Europe
ate differently from today
they look different too
in famous paintings by Titian Rubens and
other artists people weren't thin they
were overweight
but people 300 years ago thought how
attractive not how ugly
today's diet
today people are learning more about
health many people are changing their
ways of eating they're eating a lot of
fruits and vegetables
many of the vegetables are raw they
aren't cooked because cooking takes away
some vitamins such as vitamins A B and C
people are eating less sugar
they're eating low-fat foods they're not
eating much red meat they're drinking
less Cola and coffee
trying to be thin
people these days want to be slim not
fat
sometimes people in North America go a
little crazy to lose pounds
thousands of them join gyms and diet
groups go to special diet doctors or
spend a lot of money at diet centers
each year Americans spend more than 46
billion dollars on diets and diet
products
more people are overweight however there
is an irony a surprising opposite result
to all this dieting
while many people are becoming thin
other people are becoming overweight
more people are overweight than in the
past
in many countries there is a serious
problem with obesity in other words a
condition of being very overweight
there are two main reasons
first these days many people often go to
fast food restaurants they didn't in the
past
at these restaurants many of the foods
such as fried potatoes and meat are high
in fat some of the dairy products such
as cheese are high in fat and others
such as ice cream are high in fat and
sugar
this seems similar to samuel peeps his
party doesn't it ii dieting doesn't
often work sometimes people lose weight
fast but they usually gain it back again
almost 95% of all people gain back
weight after a diet one problem with
obesity is easy to see overweight people
have more sicknesses such as heart
disease and diabetes
sometimes people go crazy over food
sometimes they eat very little because
they want to be slim
other times they eat lots of bad foods
because these foods taste good
when will people learn
too much food too little food and the
wrong foods are all bad ideas
part two
eating bugs
different cultures enjoyed different
foods
sometimes a food that one culture thinks
is delicious might seem disgusting to
another in much of the world people eat
beef but the idea of meat from a cow
disgusts some Hindus in India
people in France sometimes eat horsemeat
or frogs and this discussed some
Americans
people in Western countries eat cheese
and many Asians think that this is
disgusting
and then there are insects many people
wonder how can people eat bugs children
in the US make horrible faces and say
ooh yucky
however insects are an important part of
the diets in many countries
in different places people eat over
1,000 types of insects and ate them in
the past too
for example people in ancient Greece and
Rome ate insects American Indians ate
grasshoppers crickets and caterpillars
today in parts of Africa people eat
termites insects that eat wood and
caterpillars as snacks in Japan some
people eat grasshoppers with soy sauce
in small villages and in some
restaurants in Thailand people enjoy
crickets and grasshoppers
in some Mexican restaurants people pay
$25 for a plate of butterfly larvae in
the United States some restaurants now
offer insects as a gourmet food
in China people spend a hundred million
dollars each year on ants
there are different ways to prepare bugs
as food one way is to boil them in very
hot water
in Colombia some people spread them on
bread
in the Philippines people fry them in
butter with vegetables
in Mexico people fry them in oil or
marinate them in lemon juice salt and
chili
in some parts of Africa some people bake
or fry them in other areas they eat them
raw
however entomologists scientists who
study insects say that it's important to
cook insects not eat them raw in the
United States
a company called hot licks now sells
candy with insects in it
Julieta Ramos eller Dewey a researcher
at a university in Mexico City says that
there are many good reasons to eat bugs
first insects are a cheap food except on
a plate in an expensive restaurant and
they taste good
some insects taste like nuts bacon mint
or cinnamon
second bugs are good for our health for
example they often have more protein
than beef or fish
third they can bring money to poor
people who find them in the forest and
sell them
in parts of Africa there are seven
pounds of insects on just one tree
this brings a good profit for very
little work finally eating insects can
help to save the environment in many
countries people cut down trees
however they will not do this if the
trees have insects to eat or sell
people worldwide are now eating foods
from other countries
people in the West now enjoy Japanese
sushi a small roll of cooked white rice
served with a garnish of raw fish
vegetables or egg
people everywhere eat Italian pizza and
American hamburgers
maybe someday in a fast-food restaurant
in any country a customer will say give
me a hamburger and an order of
caterpillars please
in the future insects might be as
familiar to us as rice bread or beans
lesson 9 places to visit
part-1
adventure vacations
people like different kinds of vacations
some go camping they swim fish cook over
a fire and sleep outside
others like to stay at a hotel in an
exciting city they go shopping all day
and go dancing all night
or maybe they go sightseeing to places
such as Disneyland in the United States
the Taj Mahal in India or the Louvre in
France
a different kind of vacation
some people are bored with sightseeing
trips they don't want to be tourists
they prefer an adventure a surprising
and exciting trip
they want to learn something and maybe
help people too
how can they do this
travel companies and environmental
groups are planning special adventures
sometimes these trips are difficult but
there are a lot of fun
one organization Earthwatch sends small
groups of volunteers to different parts
of the world
some volunteers spend two weeks and
study the environment
others learn about people of the past
others work with animals or plants
hard work in the far north
would you like an adventure in the far
north
scientists are worried about changes in
the climate worldwide
they are studying how the environment is
changing because of a warming climate
two teams of volunteers one in Alaska
and the other in Iceland will study
glaciers huge fields of ice that move
very slowly
these glaciers are getting smaller
scientists wonder why and how
another team will go to Manitoba Canada
this team will collect information on
birds mammals and the amount of snow
if you like exercise and cold weather
these are good trips for you but you
must be in very good physical condition
studying ocean mammals
do you enjoy ocean animals
you can spend two weeks in Florida
there you can study dolphins
it will be exciting to learn about these
intelligent ocean mammals
these beautiful animals can live to over
fifty years of age
they travel together in family groups
from small boats volunteers will study
and photograph these groups
the purpose of this research is to learn
about the animals social behavior
scientists want to know what dolphins do
and how they live
also scientists want to study dolphins
health for example they wonder is ocean
pollution changing the Dolphins health
if you like warm weather the ocean and
animals this is a good trip for you
digging up the past
are you interested in history or
prehistory
then Southwest France is the place for
your adventure
between 35,000 and 250,000 years ago
early humans lived in this area
volunteers will work with archeologists
from France Germany and the United
States to search for evidence about the
way of life of the people from that time
if you choose this adventure you will
dig for stone tools and bones clean them
and photograph them
in your free time you can travel around
the beautiful countryside in the South
of France
beaches and biology
do you enjoy the beach and like to learn
about plants
there is an earth watch adventure in
Yucatan Mexico
on the north coast of Yucatan there are
beautiful species of plants
unfortunately many of them are
disappearing
people dig them up and sell them for
large amounts of money
Mexican biologists need volunteers to
collect seeds count plants and help to
save several plant species
in your free time you can travel to
archaeological sites in the area
if you love a tropical climate this is
the trip for you
do you want a very different vacation
do you want to travel far work hard and
learn a lot then an earth watch vacation
is for you
lesson 10 save the earth
part-1
the ocean in trouble
many environmental groups are warning
that oceans worldwide are in great
danger
according to the United Nations Food and
Agriculture Organization FAO 70% of the
world's fishing areas are in danger
one reason of course is the huge amount
of pollution
however there is another danger and it
might be even more harmful than
pollution
this danger is overfishing
no matter where you look in the world on
average 90% of the fish are gone says a
biologist from Dalhousie University in
Canada
new technology
fishers are finding fewer and fewer fish
everywhere
however this does not mean that
fishermen are not fishing any longer
instead many are using new technology to
fish new waters as deep as a mile
trawlers large fishing boats are using
special Nets on wheels and rollers
drag these nets across the bottom of the
deep oceans and they pick up anything of
any size at all with these nets fishers
catch the fish that people eat but the
Nets also catch marine mammals such as
sea lions dolphins and sometimes whales
the effect on fish
these nets also take species like squid
skate red crabs slackjaw eels spiny
dogfish and orange roughy
a few years ago people didn't want to
eat these species
now you can find them in fish stores in
fish sandwiches at fast-food restaurants
or in fake not real crab meat for
seafood salads
the orange roughy provides an example of
what is happening
this fish appeared in fish stores only
about 10 years ago but already the
species is almost extinct
the orange roughy lives very deep in the
ocean up to a mile deep in the cold
waters off New Zealand
scientists now know that fish in deep
cold water grow and reproduce very
slowly for example the orange roughy
lives to be 150 years old
it doesn't start to reproduce until it
is 30 years old
although the fish is nearly extinct
people still sell it in seafood stores
and in restaurants
and of course it may be in that fish
sandwich that you eat at a fast-food
restaurant
many scientists believe that present
fishing methods will destroy all the
large fishing areas of the world
can anything stop this
some scientists think that governments
should stop the fishing industry from
using some kinds of technology but this
will be difficult
many of the big fishing companies have a
lot of money and they use that money to
influence politicians all around the
world
no fishing zones
other scientists believe that
governments should create no fishing
zones areas where no one can fish
governments can police these areas
during the UN international year of the
ocean more than 1,600 leading marine
scientists and conservation biologists
from 65 countries urged the world to
create 80 times the no fishing areas
that exist now
their goal is to protect 20% of the
world's oceans by the year 2020
this is happening in some places for
example the fishing industry in Britain
is beginning to except no fishing zones
because the amount of fish that the
industry catches is getting smaller and
smaller
the fishing industry often argues that
the scientific evidence is not complete
that we just don't know what is going on
in the oceans
now scientists and environmentalists
have to give evidence to show that the
fishing industry is doing damage before
the government will pass laws protecting
the ocean
this takes time and sometimes it is
difficult to prove something like this
the magazine science says we should have
the opposite rule big fishing companies
should have to prove that they are not
destroying the oceans before we allow
them to fish
inclusion
environmentalists say that average
people need to get together and pressure
their governments to do something
the large fishing companies that owned
the big trawlers are not going to stop
fishing by themselves
the environmentalists say that if we
don't pressure our governments there
will be nothing left in the oceans but
water
you
part two
repairing the environment
early life on Easter Island
Easter Island is a very small island in
the Pacific Ocean
in the ancient past the island was
covered with vegetation such as
beautiful forests and the surrounding
ocean was rich in fish
the human population grew to about 9,000
people
today we know them for their art
hundreds of huge amazing statues that
are made of stone
over several hundred years the people
created larger and larger statues
the changing history
for about seven hundred years life on
Easter Island was good
however by the 15th century people
suddenly stopped creating the statues
also the environment completely changed
the earth didn't produce enough food for
the population
the forests were gone because people cut
down all the trees
without trees they couldn't even build
canoes a kind of small boat and for this
reason they couldn't go fishing
society was destroyed
the people were hungry
when Europeans arrived in 1722 there
were only about 2,000 people left
Easter Island as an example
scientists often mention Easter Island
they see it as an example of the damage
that humans can do to the environment
they say that our earth is like an
island
when we destroy it we destroy ourselves
they say that we are now destroying it
like the people of ancient Easter Island
we are cutting down forests
worldwide the environment is changing
the climate is becoming warmer
glaciers are melting
pollution fills many rivers and lakes in
the air of many cities
and every year about 20,000 plant and
animal species become extinct
what we can do
some people see this situation as
hopeless but environmentalists say that
it isn't too late
there are things that we can do
governments and big companies need to
make big changes but every individual
can make many small changes
all these small changes can add up
they can make a big difference
here are just some
plant trees
trees absorb drink in the carbon dioxide
co2 that factories put into the air
by organic fruits and vegetables ones
without dangerous chemicals
these are good for your health and good
for the earth too
reuse containers in other words don't
throw empty plastic food containers into
the trash or garbage
wash them and use them again
also use plastic bags many times
when you throw away a plastic bag or
container it stays in the earth for
thousands of years
don't use paper or plastic bags
bring a cloth bag with you to the
supermarket
you can use the same cloth bag over and
over for years
recycle things that you can't reuse
you can recycle aluminum cans glass
bottles some plastic containers and
newspapers
use compact fluorescent lightbulbs
they last ten times longer than regular
light bulbs so they save you money
also they use 75% less energy
one of these bulbs can keep a half-ton
1000 pounds of carbon dioxide out of the
air
do you eat tuna fish
if so look carefully at the can
by only tuna that is dolphin-safe
in other words tuna from companies with
special Nets that don't kill dolphins
write letters to government leaders
ask them for laws that protect the
environment
tell them that you want the earth to be
here for your great-great-grandchildren
you
intermediate-level
lesson one students life
part-1
international students
introduction and definitions
all around the world there are
international students at institutions
of higher education
the definition of an international
student is a post-secondary student from
another country the meaning of
post-secondary is after high school
another phrase for international
students is foreign students
the word foreign means of a different
country or culture
even so some people don't like the word
foreign instead they use the phrase
international students
for an institution of higher education
they say university college or school
we're international students attend
school
international students leave their home
countries
they go to school abroad
one meaning of the word abroad is in a
foreign place
probably the country with the most
students from abroad is the United
States
Canada Great Britain and some other
European countries also have a lot of
students from other countries
but more and more international students
attend colleges and universities in the
developing nations of Latin America Asia
and Africa
developing nations are countries without
a high level of industrialization or
technology
why students attend school abroad
why do high school and college graduates
go to colleges and universities far from
their homes
undergraduates are post-secondary
students without college degrees
often undergraduates want the experience
of life in new cultures
maybe they want to learn another
language well
many students want degrees in business
engineering or technology
these subjects are not always available
in their home countries
some governments and companies send
their best graduate students and workers
to other countries for new knowledge and
skills
and some international students from
expensive private schools at home save
money through study abroad programs
especially in developing nations
why universities want foreign students
why do institutions of higher education
want international students
students from other countries and
cultures bring internationalism to the
classroom and campus
they bring different languages customs
ideas and opinions from many places
also educational institutions need money
tuition is the fee or charge for
instruction
private schools our colleges and
universities not supported by government
money they charge high tuition
international students are not citizens
or immigrants
one definition of citizens and
immigrants is legal members of a nation
or country
international students pay full tuition
and fees to state or government schools
and all students away from home have to
spend money for housing food recreation
and other things
for these reasons many schools and
groups of schools want students from
other countries
conclusion and summary
for different reasons many high school
and college graduates want or need to
study abroad
for other reasons many nations want or
need students from other countries and
cultures on their college and university
campuses
part-2
university life around the world
similarities and student life
at colleges and universities around the
world students from other places live in
student housing on campus in apartments
or in the private homes of other people
they walk to school or get there by
bicycle or by car
sometimes they take public
transportation like the bus or subway
they attend classes and take quizzes or
tests or exams
they complete necessary course
requirements
after years of study they get
certificates or college degrees
these are proof of completion of courses
of study
outside school they have other interests
and family or social lives
in some ways life on the campuses of
institutions of higher education is the
same everywhere in the world
systems of higher education
maybe student life is similar but the
system of higher education differs and
countries around the world
for example in the United States
post-secondary students can live at home
and go to community colleges for two
years or more
or they can choose for years state or
private colleges or universities
they can get financial aid like
scholarships grants or loans this money
helps students to pay college tuition
and other charges loans have to be paid
back
with undergraduate degrees they can
attend graduate school
the system is different in some
countries of Asia or the Middle East
like Iran
their students take an exit exam in
their last year of high school
the people with the highest scores
attend the best universities in the
country
other students can go to other kinds of
colleges or get jobs
differences in teaching and learning
styles
but not only the system of higher
education can vary
teaching and learning methods and styles
differ in various cultures at different
colleges and universities and in
individual courses for example the
atmosphere in many classrooms is very
formal
students use titles such as Professor
Gonzales or mrs. Wong for their
instructors
some teachers wear business clothes and
give academic lectures
students respect the knowledge and views
of their master teachers
other classrooms have an informal
atmosphere
instructors dress casually and students
use instructors first names
in this relaxed atmosphere class members
work together in groups they tell their
individual experiences give their
opinions and talk about their ideas
some teachers always follow a course
plan or the textbook
they give a lot of assignments
they give points scores or grades for
homework
in their courses students take many
quizzes tests and exams
all over the world there are teaching
and learning differences
campus facilities and services
and what about the facilities and
services available to students at
college and university campuses around
the world
at many institutions of higher education
resources for learning and recreation
are available to students
at libraries they can read and study
books and other materials
at learning resource centers they can
often work on computers
maybe they can use educational software
programs or the Internet
sometimes audio or video equipment is
available
and people can buy books supplies and
other things at campus stores
also learners can get advice from
counselors an individual help with their
courses from tutors
maybe they can relax and have fun on
campus too
some schools have swimming pools tennis
courts and other sports facilities
most have snack bars cafeterias or other
eating places
and at some schools not all students go
to the campus
they take internet courses by computer
see and hear lectures on television or
use other kinds of distance learning
lesson two the nature
part-1
the powerful influence of weather
biyo meteorologists and their research
whether has a powerful impact on the
physical world
it also affects people's personalities
how do we know about the effects of
weather on people
we know from bio meteorologists
these scientists study weather
they study how atmospheric conditions
affect human health and emotions
the word atmosphere means the air around
the earth
atmospheric conditions at a time or
place is a definition of the word
weather
some examples of these conditions are
Sun wind rain snow humidity the amount
of moisture in the air and air pressure
the force of air
the weather conditions of the atmosphere
greatly influence or affect people's
health thinking and feelings
how wind can affect health
all over the world winds come down from
high mountain areas
the winds fall faster and faster and the
air becomes warmer and drier
what does scientists say about the
health effects of this kind of weather
according to bio meteorologists in
Russia powerful winds from the mountains
increased the number of strokes blood
vessel attacks in the brain
also sometimes strong southern winds
blow north over Italy
during these times researchers say
Italians have more heart attacks sudden
stopping of the heart
people everywhere have bad headaches
during times of forceful winds
and Japanese weather scientists say
there is an increase in the number of
asthma attacks
asthma is a lung disorder it causes
breathing problems
possible effects of other kinds of
weather
do other kinds of weather influence
physical health
sudden temperature changes in winter are
often associated with a cold or the flu
the flu or influenza is a viral disease
however colds and flu probably increase
because people are in close contact near
one another indoors in cold weather
colds and flu may even lead to pneumonia
another lung disease
other illnesses also increase during
long periods times of cold weather
in most places diseases of the blood and
heart attacks are more common in winter
but in some very hot and humid wet
regions there are more heart attacks in
summer
many people have high blood pressure a
health condition
in three out of four people blood
pressure Falls goes down in warm weather
but some people have lower blood
pressure in the cool or cold times of
the year
weather and mood
these forces of nature greatly affect
people's moods emotional conditions and
feelings too
for many people winter in the northern
regions is very depressing
they eat and sleep a lot but they
usually feel tired they are nervous and
can't work well
they are irritable not very nice to
other people
by Oh meteorologist even have a name for
this condition
the name is seasonal affective disorder
sad
scientists think the cause of this mood
disorder is the long periods of darkness
even during the day it is often cloudy
or gray
what can people with sad do about their
moods
naturally they need more light
on bright days they feel better
but people don't work very well on sunny
hot and humid days
the best weather for good work and
thinking is cool and clear
conclusion and summary
are the people around you becoming sick
more often
are they getting more colds or the flu
or even pneumonia
are they having more health problems
like headaches or asthma attacks or
heart disease
or are you becoming Moody
are you getting more tired or depressed
low in mood or sad
remember according to bio meteorologists
and other weather scientists the cause
may be the atmosphere
part-2
global climate changes
climate in regions of the globe
the word weather means the atmospheric
conditions at a specific place and time
the weather can vary from day to day
in contrast to weather climate is the
general or average atmospheric
conditions of a region
in different areas of the globe the
climate generally stays the same from
year to year
for example the climate in the desert is
usually very dry
it may be cold in winter and hot in
summer but there is very little rain or
humidity
in contrast in tropical rainforests
there is very high humidity
in most other areas of the world the
weather is cool or cold and wet or dry
in the winter season
it is warm or hot and dry or humid in
the summer months
according to some meteorologists whether
researchers the Earth's climate is
changing slowly
in most places on the earth the weather
varies from season to season or even
from day to day
in contrast the typical climate is
similar every year
even so there may be global climate
changes from one long time period to
another
what are these changes
some scientists believe the weather is
becoming more extreme
there are longer periods of very cold
and very hot temperatures
there are more and more powerful
hurricanes and tornadoes storms with
strong fast winds and blizzards heavy
snowstorms
floods large amounts of water on dry
land and long droughts times without
enough rain are causing greater and
greater physical damage to the human
communities on earth
these extreme forces of nature will get
even worse in the future say some people
and every change in climate in one part
of the globe will bring more extreme
changes in other areas
global warming and El Nino are having
major effects on the Earth's atmosphere
weather and climate
at least that's the opinion of many
researchers and scientists
what is global warming
it is a slow increase in the average
yearly temperature of the planet
the cause is an increase of gases in the
atmosphere
what is El Nino
the Spanish phrase means the little boy
or the christ-child
it names a weather condition most common
in the month of December
this seasonal weather disorder is a
change in the atmosphere of the tropical
areas of the Pacific Ocean
it increases the amount of rain in the
Americas and can bring strong winds and
hurricanes
in contrast El Nino may cause drought in
the southern and western Pacific Asia
Blizzard's snow and long periods of low
temperatures may follow in the northern
regions of the globe
not all meteorologists believe there is
much natural global warming
according to these scientists the El
Nino effect is not getting stronger
so why is the temperature of the earth
going up
why are tropical storms like hurricanes
causing more and greater flood and wind
damage
probably human-beings are the main cause
of the extreme effects of weather and
climate changes
cars and factories are putting more and
more gases like carbon dioxide co2 into
the Earth's atmosphere
coal and oil add carbon dioxide to the
air too
trees and plants take in carbon dioxide
but humans are cutting down the
rainforests and putting up buildings
where green plants used to grow
the world has a lot of people now and it
will have a lot more people in the
future
lesson three food and diet
part-1
global diet choices
meanings of the word diet
most words in the English language have
more than one simple or basic meaning
one example is the word diet
the most general definition of the noun
is a person's or a group's usual food
choices and habits
in a more specific definition diet means
an eating plan with only certain kinds
or amounts of food
for instance a diet is often a plan to
lose weight
and as a verb diet means to lose weight
people can go on a diet meaning they are
starting a program to lose weight
International fast food
all over the world the global diet
includes fast food
prepared items from inexpensive
restaurants snack bars or food stands
some examples of typical American
fast-food are hamburgers hot dogs
sandwiches and fried chicken
some common international fast foods
might be German sausage and schnitzel
Italian pizza and pasta Mexican tacos
and burritos middle-eastern shish kebob
and falafel Japanese sushi and tempura
and Chinese egg rolls and noodles
why is this kind of food becoming even
more universal or worldwide
first fast-food restaurants usually
prepare and serve the items quickly
second many fast food restaurants are
part of fast food chains eating places
with the same name and company owner
for instance the biggest and most famous
American fast-food chain serves
hamburgers in every continent on the
planet except Antarctica
it's menu items may not be exactly alike
in all cultures but it's 25,000
restaurants all have the same look and
style
the atmosphere seems comfortable and
familiar
third the items at fast-food places
usually cost less than meals informal
restaurants or special dishes made at
home
and finally people usually enjoy the
taste of the food even if it is not very
nutritious healthy
how people make individual food choices
how do most people make their diet
decisions
individual choices are often based on
former habits cost and convenience
beliefs about health and nutrition and
ideas about physical beauty
some people learn to like certain foods
in childhood and they don't change later
in life
many people have busy lives so they buy
or prepare food and eat it as quickly as
possible
some meal planners think only fresh and
natural food is nutritious so they buy
vegetables fruits and foods without
additives chemical substances and
prepare it in healthy ways
people with health problems like high
blood pressure or diabetes of blood
sugar disorder may be on special non
salt or non sugar diets
the nutritional requirements of very
young or very old people may be
different from the needs of others
some cultures prefer a slim body to a
well-rounded one so people are always
trying to lose weight
they may follow popular diets such as a
low-carb diet an eating system high in
protein but low in refined carbohydrates
other reasons for diet habits around the
world
unlike individual food plans the diets
of whole cultures and regions come from
location history and tradition
for example the typical Mexican diet is
a combination of foods from
pre-columbian Spanish and French
cultures
it is rich in complex carbohydrates corn
beans rice breads and protein beans eggs
fish meat
fish and fish products from the seas
around Japan are one of the most
important parts of the traditional
Japanese diet
rich in vitamins and minerals seafood is
served grilled baked raw dried pickled
hot and cold
soy products miso tofu and bean paste
fermented vegetables and rice are also
important in the typical Japanese diet
religious practices may also greatly
affect diet
for instance some Jewish people keep
kosher follow the requirements of Jewish
food preparation and eating
these laws prohibit eating pork or bacon
or other meat from pigs shellfish snake
or insects
in addition people should not eat meat
and dairy milk products at the same meal
in a similar way Muslims follow the laws
of eating halal an Islamic system of
eating only permitted foods
some foods such as pork or insects are
not permitted
though people can eat some meat such as
beef from cows the animals must be
killed in a special way according to
ritual
also for religious reasons some
Christians eat fish instead of meat on
Fridays
they also limit their food choices
during Lent the 40 days before Easter in
the spring
conclusion and summary the global diet
universally more and more meals include
basic necessary food elements protein
carbohydrates and fats
almost everywhere some kind of meat fish
dairy product or another food with
protein is part of a good breakfast
lunch or dinner
there are also grains breads vegetables
fruit and the like
many dishes contain the necessary
vitamins and minerals
a few families grow their own food but
most people buy food from eating places
and markets in their communities
food may be fresh prepared canned frozen
or packaged
fast-food is very popular and maybe it
is becoming healthier
in some ways diet choices are becoming
more and more similar around the world
even so the variety of food choices is
large now and is probably going to
increase
our cooking customs eating habits and
food preferences all over the world
becoming more or less healthy
are they better or worse for human
beings
these questions are interesting topics
of research and discussion
part-2
facts about food
food fights
everywhere on earth there are food
specialists with opposite or different
opinions on the best kinds of nutrition
for various purposes
a lot of people believe that the
healthiest diets are high in fiber
vitamins and minerals but low in fat
cholesterol sugar and salt
some nutritionists say the perfect
eating plan contains mostly
carbohydrates without much protein
in contrast other scientists say people
need high-protein meals with meat
chicken fish or milk products and only
small amounts of grains potatoes breads
rice and noodles
one famous diet plan allows only certain
foods at certain times protein with
protein carbohydrates with carbohydrates
fruits alone and so on
some eaters stay away from all meat and
maybe even fish and milk products
they get their protein from plants
mostly beans
others want only high-fiber food
these people may not eat white bread or
white rice or even cooked vegetables
so what is the best way to eat and be
healthy
the discussion of food facts will go on
far into the future
the necessary substances and elements
for human life and health are water
protein carbohydrates fats vitamins and
minerals
most kinds of food contains some or all
of the required nutrients but these
substances have different effects on
people
various ingredients and dishes affect
the mine in different ways and some
kinds of nourishment have better effects
on the brain than others
for instance can broccoli increase brain
power
be so
low levels of some of the B vitamins can
cause a decrease in memory and thinking
ability nutritionists say but dark green
vegetables like broccoli contain a lot
of these nutrients
another example of a memory helper is
lecithin a substance from soybeans also
found in high-fiber foods like nuts and
whole grains
high-protein foods influence the mind in
more helpful ways than dishes high in
sugar and carbohydrates
and the caffeine and coffee or tea may
help thinking
of course its effects don't last long
in many places outside big cities food
with more than four legs is part of good
healthy home cooking
fried or grilled ants are a tasty but
expensive snack in Colombia South
America
in various parts of Mexico over 300
types of insects service food
in southern Africa many people like to
eat at least one kind of caterpillar or
worm
they enjoy it fried dried or cooked in
tomato sauce
in Thailand cooks create a spicy hot
pepper sauce with water bugs
in Vietnam grasshoppers filled with
peanuts are a special dish
and in some regions of China bugs are
not only a part of meals but an
important ingredient in medicine too
most kinds of insects have high
nutritional value
they contain a lot of protein vitamins
and minerals
many people like their taste
they are everywhere on the planet
they add to the variety of people's
diets
for several reasons insects are an
important kind of food in the global
diet and they may become a more common
ingredient in the future
the growing similarities in diet and
eating habits around the world are
influencing people of various cultures
in different ways
for example Western foods are damaging
health in the industrialized island
country of Japan
instead of small meals of seafood rice
and vegetables the typical Japanese diet
now includes large amounts of meat dairy
products like whole milk ice cream and
desserts like tiramisu a rich Italian
dish full of chocolate cheese and sugar
according to Japanese health researchers
such changes in eating habits are
related to a great increase in health
problems such as heart disease strokes
cancer and diabetes
on the other hand the changing global
diet is having the opposite effect on
the people in the Czech Republic
the government of this european nation
no longer supports meat and dairy
products financially so the cost of
these foods is going up
in contrast fresh fruits and vegetables
are becoming more widely available from
private markets and stands
Cook's are even serving salads to school
children and families are eating
healthier home-cooked meals
for these reasons fewer Czech men are
having heart attacks the women are
losing a lot of weight and most people
are living healthier lives
lesson for the community where you live
part-1
how can I get to the post office
I have a special rule for travel never
carry a map
prefer to ask for directions
sometimes I get lost but I usually have
a good time
and there are some other advantages
I can practice a new language meet new
people learn new customs and the like
I learn about different styles of
directions every time I ask how can I
get to the post office
here are some illustrations of those
differences
tourists are often confused in Japan
that's because most streets there don't
have names
outside big cities people most often use
landmarks in their directions
for example the Japanese might tell
travelers something like this
go straight down to the corner turn left
at the big hotel with the sushi bar and
go past the fruit market the post office
is across from the bus stop next to the
fast-food fried chicken place
in the United States people might give
directions in different ways according
to their region or community
in the countryside of the American
Midwest for example there are not
usually many landmarks
there are no mountains so the land is
very flat
in many places there are no towns or
buildings for miles
instead of landmarks residents of the
flatlands will tell you directions like
north south east and west and distances
like two miles
in the states of Kansas or Iowa for
instance people will say things such as
take this road here go straight north
for two miles make a right turn and then
go another mile in a northeast direction
keep to the left around the curve then
merge with local route 12
in most cities however people will name
the streets number of blocks even the
number of stop lights or stop signs
people in towns or cities might say go
straight for five blocks turn left at
Main Street go to the third stoplight
and turn right
that's 6th Street the post office is two
blocks up on your left
many people around the
can get Street directions on the
Internet
people in Canada the United States and
many European countries can go to a
website to get directions
they enter type in a start point and an
end point for their trip
then they get instructions like these
take i xl the interstate highway 26
miles
go straight east
enter Texas
keep left northwest 8.7 miles turn right
to turn her Turnpike
at exit 5b take ramp right towards
Oklahoma City Oklahoma
they print out these directions and
carry the papers with them sometimes
with a map
without a computer printout on the other
hand some people in Los Angeles
California may have no idea of distance
on the map
residents of this Pacific Coast area are
almost always in their cars so they
measure distance in time
how far away is the post-office you ask
oh they might answer I guess it's about
five minutes from here
you say yes but how many miles away is
it or how many kilometres or blocks they
rarely know or they can seldom say
sometimes people in Greece do not even
try to give directions
that's because tourists seldom
understand the Greek language
instead a Greek person May motion or
gesture or say follow me
then that person will lead you through
the streets of the city to the post
office
what if a person doesn't know the
answer to your question about the
location of a place
a New Yorker might say sorry I have no
idea and walk away quickly
but in Yucatan Mexico not many residents
answer I don't know
people in Yucatan may believe that a
quick I don't know is impolite
they might stay and talk to you
and usually they'll try to give an
answer sometimes a wrong one
a tourist without a good sense of
direction can get very very lost in this
southern region
one thing will help you everywhere in
Japan the United States Greece Mexico or
any other place
you might not understand a person's
words but you can probably understand
the body language like facial
expressions gestures movements and so on
he or she will usually turn and then
point his or her finger in a particular
direction
go in that direction and you'll find the
post office maybe
part-2
the laws of communities
laws are rules for people and
communities
for instance in every country and
culture of the world there are laws
against serious offenses murder robbery
violence against people and the like
these laws make sense they are necessary
for safety and health for community
order and for good human relationships
and communities they are probably
similar all over the world
on the other hand many laws and rules
differ from country to country from area
to area or even from one community to
another
some common illustrations of this
variety are laws about driving drinking
alcohol eating smoking shopping money
people's rights and many others
for instance a legal action in Lima Peru
may be against the law in Seoul Korea
and an illegal activity in an Asian
community may be perfectly legal in a
European city
on the other hand laws may be the same
in various countries but vary in
different cities or states of the same
nation
every country has traffic rules and
signs but are they the same
in most countries there are street and
road signs with information about
location directions dangers cautions and
rules of the road
these signs tell drivers and pedestrians
walkers what to do and what not to do
including speed and parking limits
places to stop when to make turns and
other procedures
however specific local traffic laws and
practices usually differ the world
for instance in Japan Indonesia South
Africa the United Kingdom and other
countries
steering wheels are on the right side of
vehicles and cars and trucks drive on
the left side of the road
in other countries such as the United
States Saudi Arabia Taiwan Italy and
Mexico
steering wheels are on the left side of
vehicles and cars and trucks drive on
the right side of the road
an illustration of a local traffic law
is the regulations for pedestrian and
school crossings in some Mexican cities
drivers rarely respect the rules so for
safety people cross streets only at
stoplights on roads with little traffic
or on pedestrian only bridges across
wide avenues
what about regulations and customs and
other areas of people's lives
some communities have a lot of rules
about legal and illegal individual
activities even drinking and smoking
for instance in most places in the
United States no one under 21 can buy or
drink alcohol legally even beer or wine
in some communities it's illegal to
drink a can of beer on a public street
it's also against the law to have an
open alcohol container in a car
similarly smoking is no longer legal in
public places such as workplaces
restaurants airports and on airline
flights within the United States
in Japan and other countries there is a
legal age for smoking
in some Muslim countries all smoking is
against religious law
on the other hand many people around the
world drink and smoke including more and
more teenagers and young people
customs and habits do not always go
along with health or safety regulations
or laws
in the beginning most local laws have a
clear purpose or reason even so after
many years these same regulations can
seem very strange or unusual here are
some examples of old rules about
personal relationships
in the backcountry of New Zealand a man
with many sisters can have the same
number of wives
how is this custom legal
the man can give one sister to each of
his wives families
in some Indian communities it is illegal
for a young man and woman married or not
to hold hands in a bus or train station
if they do they have to pay an expensive
fine
the law in some Chinese towns doesn't
allow a man to give a woman a chicken
leg during a meal he can give her other
chicken parts but not a leg
and in whirl and Wyoming a state in the
United States no married man may go
camping alone or with his friends he has
to take along his wife
these old laws are probably still in
effect but not many people follow them
lesson five home and family
part-1
a short history of the changing family
past definitions of family
like the community the family is a
social institution
long ago human beings lived in loosely
related groups
each group had a common ancestor a
family member from the distant past
but for over a millennium a thousand
years there have been two main types of
families in the world the extended form
and the nuclear form
the extended family may include
grandparents parents and children and
sometimes aunts uncles and cousins
in other words relatives living in the
same house or close together on the same
street or in the same area
in contrast the nuclear family consists
of only parents and their biological
related by blood or adopted children
because of the industrialization in the
19th century the nuclear family became
the most common family structure
kinds of families today
today there are many different kinds of
families around the globe some people
live in traditional families that is to
say a stay-at-home mother a working
father and their own biological children
others live in to paycheck families that
is both parents work outside the home
there are many single-parent families in
other words only a mother or a father
lives with the children
still others have adoptive or foster
families that is adults take care of
children not biologically theirs or
blended families in other words divorced
or widowed men and women marry again and
live with the children from their
previous or earlier marriages
some kids have stepparents that is
mother's or Father's related to them by
marriage instead of biology
in other families some youngsters under
the age of 18 have to take care of kids
either their own or their younger
siblings brothers and sisters
in different countries around the world
there are also same-sex partnerships
with or without children
childless marriages unmarried live-in
relationships communal living groups and
so on
the early 20th century
what caused the structure of the
to change
here is an example from the western
world
in the early 1900's in the United States
the divorce rate that is the percent of
legal endings compared to the number of
marriages began to rise and the birth
rate that is the number of births per
hundred or thousand people began to
decline in other words couples stayed
married for fewer years and they had
fewer children
women often chose to get an education
and take jobs outside the home
decades ten year periods later the same
things began to occur in other
industrialized countries and then
developing countries of the world as
well
the 1930s and 1940s
the decades of the 1930s and 1940s were
difficult years in both industrialized
and developing countries
many families faced serious financial
problems because the heads of households
lost their jobs
during World War two 1939 to 1945
millions of women had to take care of
their homes and their children alone
because so many men were at war
thousands of these war widows that is to
say women whose husbands were away at
war had to go to work outside the home
most women worked long hours at hard
jobs
there weren't many perfect families
they had problems
after World War two
during the next decade the situation
changed in many places there were fewer
divorces and people married at a younger
age and had more children than in the
previous generation
men made enough money to support the
family so a mother seldom worked outside
the home when her children were small
children began living at home longer
that is until an older age usually after
high school or even college
the traditional family was returning in
the United States it seemed as in many
other countries
the end of the 20th century
in the years between 1960 or so and the
end of the 20th century however there
were many new changes in the structure
of the family around the globe
from the 1960s to the 1990s the divorce
rate in the Western world greatly
increased and the birth rate fell by
half
the number of single-parent families
rose and the number of couples living
together without marriage went up even
more
at the end of the 20th and beginning of
the 21st centuries young adults of some
economic classes started staying with
their parents longer marrying later and
having kids at an older age if at all
the family of the future
many people today would like the
traditional two-parent family back that
is to say they want a man and a woman to
marry for life they also think the man
should support the family and the woman
should stay home with the children
however few families now fall into this
category
in fact if more women decide to have
children on their own
the single-parent household may become
more typical than the traditional family
in many countries
also unmarried couples may decide to
have more children or they might take in
foster children or adopt
and because people are staying single
and living longer often as widows there
may be more one-person households in the
future
the other hand some people believe
similar events happen again and again in
history
if this is true people may go back to
the traditional extended or nuclear
family of the past
others think the only certainty in
history is change in other words the
structure of the future family could
begin to change faster and faster and in
more and more ways
part two
time with the family past and present
the Sun was rising a woman got up from a
straw mat on the floor of her simple two
room family cottage
her husband and their four children were
still asleep on the mat
there were five other children the
couple gave two of them to a family with
too few workers the other three died
long ago
the woman pushed aside the family goats
when she started the fire for cooking
the man and the children got up
while the daughter helped with the
housework the sons went outside to work
in the fields with their father
could see a castle not far away
the family lived under the protection of
the master of the castle
they weren't his slaves servants but
they paid him taxes
there was no schooling so they couldn't
read or write or get jobs in cities
during the long work day they took
breaks only for meals occasionally they
went to the village center where they
laughed and talked and played games
at night people of the community got
together around big fires
they told stories about the past
most families used to live this way in
England over 800 years ago
in the first half of the 20th century
the Japanese family was much more
traditional than the typical American
family
young people didn't even use to date in
other words they didn't go out together
as couples
instead they had arranged marriages
their parents chose their husband or
wife
maybe the couple fell in love after they
got married and maybe they didn't either
way the wife had children and stayed
home with them while the husband
supported the family financially
often the husband and wife and their
children lived in an extended family
situation three generations in one
crowded house
today life in Japan is similar to that
of many other industrialized countries
and that many women work outside the
home and young people choose their own
mates
in the past and in part today much of
Saudi culture has been different from
Western culture
under Islam women should behave modestly
in public where they are often separated
from men women play an important role in
the home and are generally expected to
focus on the family
in the 1960s the government began a
national education program for girls and
soon after that education was available
to all females today there are many more
interesting job opportunities for women
a few years ago a sad thing happened
a young American woman left her family
for career reasons she moved far away
for this reason a 36 year old divorced
father has custody of his two children
11 and 8 years old
he works long hours as a waiter
including weekends
on his days off from work he goes to a
local community college
he's studying to improve his job skills
so he can make more money for his family
at night he does his homework at the
same table as the children
but who takes care of the kids in the
evenings when their father is working or
going to school
his extended family his mother
other relatives and his new girlfriend
help out as much as they can
he thinks his girlfriend who is from
Mexico his home country is good for his
family
he doesn't want to date Anglo's or
anglicized women because he thinks they
value their independence over motherhood
he wants a wife with traditional
religious values like his mother
lesson six world cultures
part-1
cross-cultural conversation
you want to talk about culture Allen
began the conversation in a proud voice
the United States is only a few hundred
years old
Americans don't really have any culture
I mean Americans are interesting but
they have zero culture
he made the sign for nothing with his
hand
I agree with you said Verner
he was pointing at Allen with his finger
Old Europe of the last thousand years
now that's where the great culture was
the age of architecture the Magnificent
historical cathedrals and castles are
beautiful
it's essential to see the works of world
famous painters and sculptors from
previous centuries in our excellent
museums
and everyone should experience our
classical literature and music in the
best theatres and concert halls
excuse me for interrupting Alan Verner
apologized but I just gave a perfect
example of a long and significant
cultural history
Kamiel spoke up
you know we don't call a short
millennium a cultural history
the real beginning of culture I mean
significant civilization was in the
Middle East and Africa over 5,000 years
ago
he continued waving both hands in the
air
ancient communities not only knew how to
create magnificent architecture and art
they also made amazing scientific and
technological discoveries
they invented things
for instance they figured out how to
write and do mathematics
they studied astronomy the science of
the skies the Sun and the planets
they invented the calendar
they even had medicine
the ancient religions came from that
area too
their achievements made world
civilization possible
those were the civilizations that gave
humanity the most meaningful cultural
legacy
may agreed with Camille
in a soft but knowing voice she added
but the really important science and
technology began to develop in Asia and
the Americas
while the ancient Chinese were building
walled cities they organized the first
governments
invented tools for work and weapons for
protection
and the native peoples of the Americas
had very very old civilizations and
societies
that was ancient traditional culture
ancient culture that's a contradiction
in definitions
grinning Karin objected an enthusiastic
friendly way
she gave a contrasting opinion
it's impossible for culture to be old or
traditional she argued the opposite is
true culture isn't dead it's alive
culture is modern culture is now
kenji was starting to fall asleep but
suddenly he was fully awake
I agree he said interrupting Karen
enthusiastically
you tell them said Karen appreciating
the support for her point of view
for emphasis she nodded vigorously
culture is worldwide it's universal
kenji went on in his clear speaking
style
I'd smile on his face
I mean like take today's food culture
with our global fast food I have to say
everyone eats the same
and because of the worldwide media
movies TV CDs compact discs the Internet
everybody knows the same information
plays the same music enjoys the same
stories even the jokes
and I mean it's like people everywhere
want to buy the same clothes all because
of advertising
a beautiful young couple in jeans and
bright Hawaiian shirts anywhere in the
world eating hamburgers and french fries
with their friends from many countries
finally we have a global culture and
tradition has nothing to do with it
Nadia however was of another opinion
you want to call modern movies music
food and clothes culture
she said sweetly but convincingly
those things don't describe culture
culture isn't about the sameness of
people in communities around the world
it's about their differences
like it's important for people to greet
one another in various ways and they
need to use different titles and follow
a variety of social rules in their
relationships some societies are formal
while others are informal or casual
some groups are friendly and others
aren't
and another example is the diverse use
of language is it direct or indirect
how do communication styles include
motions gestures facial expressions and
other body language
and customs are so interesting
they're what people of different
national groups do in their everyday
lives and on special occasions like
holidays or celebrations
culture means cultural diversity
what makes life amusing it's the variety
of cultures around the world its
contradictions and opposites
yeah maybe so contributed Allen as
politely as possible
on the other hand he started to say that
does make some sense interrupted Verner
beginning to smile as long as you don't
forget the arts architecture painting
literature music
and if you also include ancient
civilizations and traditions added
camille with a pleasant expression on
his face
he didn't like to contradict Nadia or
any of his female friends
well we can certainly have opposing
viewpoints concluded Karen and yet we
still enjoy exchanging ideas
everyone was smiling and they wanted to
talk a lot more
part-2
clues to world cultures
an Irish woman was visiting tourist
places in a latin-american city when she
got a terrible headache
she knew what medicine she needed so she
went to a local pharmacy
the pharmacist was waiting on another
customer when she came in the Irish
woman patiently waited her turn
while she was standing there two other
customers came in then another and then
three more
each time the pharmacist turned his
attention to the new people
he did not greet the Irishwoman he never
said I'll be with you in a minute
after about 20 minutes the woman
couldn't stand the pain in her head any
longer
hey I've been here a long time
she said loudly very annoyed and
insulted
why is everyone ignoring me I need
service too
she shouted rudely impolitely
a Middle Eastern businessman and his
brother invited an American guest to
their family home for dinner
the American got there on time and
enjoyed the interesting conversation the
tea and the attention
but as time passed he got very very
hungry
finally he politely whispered to his
host excuse me but are we going to eat
dinner
of course answered his host
we usually serve the evening meal around
nine o'clock and when we have guests we
enjoy the long conversation before
dinner
at the dinner table everything was
delicious and the hungry American guests
ate quickly
he emptied his plate and his host put
more food on it
as soon as he cleaned his play the
second time the host gave him more
after several plates of food he could
eat no more
he was going to burst
please please please don't give me any
more food he begged them
I finished the food on this plate but I
can't eat another bite
even then his host insisted
the guests accepted a little more and
ate it with difficulty finally the
supper dishes were removed
there was more conversation with more
tea and coffee
at about midnight the server brought a
pitcher of iced water
the tired American knew it was okay to
thank his hosts and leave
a group of international students were
attending college in Europe
they had a long time between semesters
for travel
so they decided to hitchhike as far as
they could in other countries
in many places they were successful
put their thumbs out or pointed them
backwards and smiled friendly drivers
stopped
as soon as the first traveller got a yes
answer from a driver he motioned with
his hand or fingers for his friends to
come or he held up both thumbs in an
okay sign or made a circle with the
thumb and the next finger of one hand
the young tourists saved money saw a lot
of the countryside and had interesting
conversations and experiences
on the other hand in Greece and Turkey
the visitors were not so lucky
few drivers stop to give them rides
instead most people ignored them
others gave them mean looks from their
cars they seemed almost insulted that
the visitors were begging for rides
a few drivers shouted terrible words at
the travelers - even got out of their
truck and started a fight
the students thought the drivers were
very rude
they felt confused afraid and unwelcome
after a few days the students took the
bus back to the countries where they
were studying
lesson seven live a long life
part-1
the secrets of a very long life
introduction
there are several places in the world
that are famous for people who live a
very long time
these places are usually in mountainous
areas far away from modern cities
even so doctors scientists and public
health experts often travel to these
regions to solve the mystery of a long
healthy life
in this way the experts hope to bring to
the modern world the secrets of
longevity
you
hoons ax in the Himalayan mountains
Coons ax is at a very high altitude in
the Himalayan mountains of Asia there
many people over 100 years of age are
still in good physical health
additionally men of 90 are new fathers
and women of 50 still have babies
what are the reasons for this good
health scientists believed that the
people of Hunza have these three main
advantages or benefits
one a healthful unpolluted environment
with clean air and water
to a simple diet high in vitamins fiber
and nutrition but low in fat cholesterol
sugar and unnatural chemicals
and three physical work and other
activities usually in the fields or with
animals
the Russian Caucasians and Vilcabamba
people in the Caucasus Mountains in
Russia are also famous for their
longevity
official birth records were not
available but the community says a woman
called serba lived until age 160
similarly a man called Sher Ali probably
lived until 168 moreover his widow was
120 years old
in general the people not only live a
long time but they also live well
in other words they are almost never
sick
furthermore when they die they not only
have their own teeth but also a full
head of hair and good eyesight too
vilcabamba ecuador is another area
famous for the longevity of its
inhabitants
this mountain region like hoons a-- and
the Caucasus is also at a very high
altitude far away from cities
in vilcabamba - there is very little
serious disease
one reason for the good health of the
people might be the clean beautiful
environment another advantage is the
moderate climate
the temperature is about 70 degrees
Fahrenheit all year long
furthermore the wind always comes from
the same direction
in addition the water comes from
mountain streams and is high in minerals
perhaps as a result of this valuable
resource the region is rich in flowers
fruits vegetables and wildlife
differences in the diets of people with
unusual longevity
in some ways the diets of the
inhabitants in the three regions are
quite different
who knew coots eat mainly raw vegetables
fruit especially apricots and chapatis a
kind of pancake they eat meat only a few
times a year
in contrast the Caucasian diet consists
mainly of milk cheese vegetables fruit
and meat also most people there drink
the local red wine daily in vilcabamba
people eat only a small amount of meat
each week their diet consists mostly of
grain corn beans potatoes and fruit
even so experts found one surprising
fact in the mountains of Ecuador most
people there even the very old consume a
lot of coffee drink large amounts of
alcohol and smoke forty to sixty
cigarettes daily
similarities in diet
however the typical diets of the three
areas are similar in three general ways
1 the fruits and vegetables are
all-natural that is they contain no
preservatives or other chemicals
- furthermore the population uses
traditional herbs and medicines to
prevent and cure disease
three the inhabitants consume fewer
calories than people do in other parts
of the world
a typical North American eats and drinks
an average of 30 300 calories every day
while a typical inhabitant of these
mountainous areas takes in between 1700
and 2000 calories
other possible reasons for health
longevity
inhabitants in the three regions have
more in common than their mountain
environment their distance from modern
cities and their low-calorie natural
diets
because they live in the countryside and
are mostly farmers their lives are
physically hard and extremely active
therefore they do not need to try to
exercise
in addition the population does not seem
to have the stress of fast city work and
recreation
as a result people's lives are
relatively free from worry
and therefore illness or other health
problems
thus some experts believe that physical
movement and a stress-free environment
might be the two most important secrets
of longevity
an additional health advantage of life
in these long-lived communities may be
the extended family structure the group
takes care of its members from birth to
death
the validity of longevity claims
nevertheless some doctors theorize that
members of especially long-lived
populations have only one thing in
common they don't have valid official
government birth records
these health scientists think there is a
natural limit to the length of human
life in their theories it is impossible
to reach an age of more than 110 years
or so
therefore they say claims of unusual
longevity in certain groups are probably
false
lesson eight the media and entertainment
part-1
how the visual media affect people
introduction benefits of the visual
media
how do television and the other visual
media affect the lives of individuals
and families around the globe
the media can be very helpful to people
and their children who carefully choose
what they watch
with high quality programming in various
fields of study science medicine nature
history the arts and so on TV video
tapes and DVDs increase the knowledge of
the average and the well-educated person
they can also improve thinking ability
moreover television and other visual
media benefit elderly people who can't
go out often as well as patients in
hospitals and residents of nursing
facilities
additionally it offers language learners
the advantage of real-life audio-visual
instruction and oral comprehension
practice at any time of day or night
and of course visual media can provide
almost everyone with good entertainment
a pleasant way to relax and spend free
time at home
Media replaces other activities
nevertheless there are several serious
disadvantages to the visual media
first of all some people watch the tube
for more hours in a day than they do
anything else
in a large number of homes TV sets as
many as five or more in a single
household are always on
many people watch TV for many hours a
day or spend hours playing games or
surfing on their computers
they download music movies and other
forms of entertainment
instead of spending time taking care of
their kids parents often use a video
screen as an electronic babysitter
as a result television and video can
easily replace family communication as
well as physical activity and other
interests
the effects of TV on the mind
second too much TV especially
programming of low educational value can
reduce people's ability to concentrate
or reason
in fact studies show that after only a
minute or two of visual media a person's
mind relaxes as it does during light
sleep
another possible effect of television
and videotapes on the human brain is
poor communication
children who watch a lot of TV may lose
their ability to focus on a subject or
an educational activity for more than 10
to 15 minutes
maybe it is because of the visual media
that some kids and adults to develop
attention deficit disorder ad D a modern
condition in which people are unable to
pay attention listen well follow
instructions or remember everyday things
the effects of violence in the media
a third negative feature of the media is
the amount of violence on the screen
both in real events in the news and
movies or in TV programs it scares
people and gives them terrible
nightmares
the fear created by media images and
language can last for a long time
on the other hand frequent viewers of
action programming get used to its
messages they might begin to believe
there is nothing strange or unusual
about violent crime fights killing and
other terrible events and behavior
studies show that certain personality
types are likely to have strong
emotional reactions or dangerous
thoughts after some kinds of
entertainment
they may even copy the acts that they
see on violent shows start fires carry
and use weapons attack people in angry
or dangerous ways and even worse
dissatisfaction with normal living
because of the visual media some people
may become dissatisfied with the reality
of their own lives
to these viewers everyday life does not
seem as exciting as the roles actors
play in movies or TV dramas
they realize they aren't having as much
fun as the stars of comedy shows
furthermore average people with normal
lives may envy famous media
personalities who seem to get unlimited
amounts of money and attention
also media Watchers might get depressed
when they can't take care of situations
in real life as well as TV stars seem to
on the screen they notice actors solve
serious problems in our or half-hour
programs or in 20-second commercials
boredom with real life
yet another negative feature of modern
television is called trash TV
these daily talk shows bring real people
with strange or immoral lives
personalities or behavior to the screen
millions of viewers including children
watch as these instant stars tell their
most personal secrets shout out their
angry feelings and opinions and attack
one another
TV watchers seem to like the emotional
atmosphere and excitement of this kind
of programming as well as the tension of
the real but terrible stories on TV news
magazine shows
a newer version of this kind of
entertainment is called reality TV
in shows like Survivor The Amazing Race
American Idol and The Apprentice real
people compete for attention fame and
other rewards
what effect does frequent viewing of
such programs have on people's lives
it makes television more real than
reality and normal living begins to seem
boring
disadvantage of the media addiction
finally the most negative effect of all
of these kinds of visual media might be
addiction
people often feel a strange and powerful
need to watch TV
download visual material or play a DVD
even when they don't enjoy it or have
the free time for entertainment
addiction to a TV or computer screen is
similar to drug or alcohol dependence
addicts almost never believe they are
addicted
even so truthful media addicts have to
answer yes to many of these questions
do you immediately turn on the TV set or
computer when you arrived home from
school or work
do you watch a lot of programming that
requires little focus or thinking
ability
can you concentrate on another topic or
activity for only 10 to 15 minutes at a
time
do you enjoy the action and violence of
the media more than activity in your own
life
do you feel envious of the lives of
well-known TV or screen personalities or
the participants in reality TV shows
do you feel closer to the people on TV
than to your own family members and
friends
for you is TV or video the easiest and
therefore the best form of relaxation or
fun
would you refuse to give up your TV
viewing and internet connection for a
million dollars
would you like to compete on a TV
reality show more than do anything else
part two
Media stories
story plot a
Marion who works in a real estate office
is depressed about her life especially
her unhappy love relationship
because she is feeling ill her
supervisor lets her leave early
he gives her $40,000 in cash from a
house sale to put in the bank on her way
home
however temptation gets the best of the
moody young woman
with the cash in an envelope she packs
her bags and drives out of town
on a dark lonely road a severe
thunderstorm forces her to stop at the
rundown Bates Motel
there is a scary old house high on a
hill behind the motel with the form of
an old woman in a rocking chair at the
window
Norman Bates the motel owner is happy to
sign in a guest but his mother shouts at
him angrily
after a conversation with norman marion
goes to her room
when she is in the shower the bathroom
door opens
in a very famous very bloody murder
scene the shadowy figure of an old woman
pulls aside the shower curtain and stabs
the motel guests to death
horrified Normand cleans up the room
puts Marian's body in her car and pushes
the car into the swamp
her in the stolen money Marian's sister
lover and boss send out an investigator
who finally arrives at the Bates Motel
suspicious of Norman strange behavior
the investigator goes into the scary
house where the dark shape of an old
woman at the top of the stairs kills him
too with a long knife
others come to investigate
after many suspenseful scenes they
discover that Norman's mother is a
skeleton
the murderer in the old woman's clothes
was Norman Bates himself who has turned
more and more into his mother
story plot B
after a hurricane sinks their ship off
the coast of Africa a British couple
finds their way to land with their baby
son
however the parents are killed by a wild
animal
a gorilla the largest of the human-like
monkeys finds the baby brings him home
to her mate and raises the helpless
human in the jungle
as a result he grows to adulthood in the
natural ape community
nevertheless the young man's peaceful
life in the jungle soon changes
to study African wildlife in its natural
environment
professor Porter arrives with his
daughter Jane and a hunter named Clayton
when the explorers meet the jungle man
at first they think he is the missing
link a being halfway between an animal
and a human being
therefore they are surprised to discover
that he is as human as they are
when he begins to feel strange
unfamiliar emotions towards Jane the man
that grew up in the jungle becomes very
confused
he wants to be with his own kind but
doesn't want to leave the gorilla family
that raised him especially since Clayton
sees the Apes not as friends but as
animals to hunt and kill
when jane has to leave with her father
the apeman is very sad and upset
even so he saves the white people when
they are captured and Jane stays with
him in the jungle
story plot see
the Starship Enterprise a flying vehicle
that travels to other galaxies at
amazing speeds stops at a Space Station
for repairs
the four beam ARS beings with
computerized brains that are doing
maintenance seem worried
suddenly they realize the ship is about
to explode an order evacuation
everyone leaves except Picard the
captain and Riker the second man in
command who don't hear the alert
after everyone else reaches the Starbase
the space station the problem
mysteriously corrects itself and the
ship disappears
as the crew on the Starbase tried to
figure out a way to recover the
enterprise the captain and his helper
discover what has happened
they instantly transport themselves to
the bridge where they find the B NARS
unconscious dying and asking for help
the ship reaches Banaras the beam ours
planet
because of an exploded star that
destroyed the planets center computer
Banaras is dead too
the beam ours needed the enterprise to
store the data from the planet during
the shutdown time Picard and Riker
managed to get into the Banaras file and
restart the computer
the beam ours come back to life
undamaged the ship returns to the
Starbase
story plot D
it is the middle of the 19th century a
very romantic time of honour and passion
Mathilda Penny Oliver Ebury stan is an
aristocrat a member of the nobility the
most wealthy powerful class in society
she falls in love with a dull foe Solis
an army soldier with no fortune
Matilda trusts that her fair kind father
will let her marry her true love
however al gusta Matilda's mother
objects with her powerful connections
she sends Adolfo to prison
lying she tells her daughter that a dull
foe is married with children
because their family is facing
bankruptcy al gusto wants Manuel Fuentes
Guerra an honorable and handsome young
man who has just inherited a vast
fortune to be her son-in-law
confused and desperate Mathilda marries
Manuel
soon adolfo escapes from jail
after a frantic intense search he finds
Matilda
posing as the new ranch administrator he
recognizes her husband as an honest fair
and decent man
at that point Manuel and Mathilda
discover August's deceit in their
marriage
but in the meantime Matilda's feelings
for Adolfo are beginning to disappear
she is starting to fall in love with
Manuel
heartbroken adolfo accepts reality and
leaves the ranch
Matilda announces she is pregnant
however to be continued
lesson nine social life
part-1
meeting the perfect mate part one
for the past month I've been taking a
university graduate course called social
structure
it's a very popular class
we've been discussing friendship social
life dating marriage and other
relationships through the generations
and throughout the world
one of our assignments is to examine the
ways that people meet potential spouses
husbands and wives
I've been interviewing students on
campus all week as part of my study
I'm amazed at what I've been hearing
first I talked with my roommate in the
dormitory
Musha an international student from
India
what's one way to meet a possible mate
I asked her
well she said one method in my country
is to have an arranged marriage
what I asked
I know you can match a tie to a shirt or
to socks after you do the laundry then
they're a match but people
sure she replied
there are still arranged marriages these
days and there were a lot more not too
long ago
my parents for example met each other
for the first time on their wedding day
my grandparents chose their children
spouses and arranged the weddings
do you mean that the bride and groom
weren't in love that sounds awful
weren't they worried
maybe a little bit Musha said but they
accepted each other
then fortunately they learn to love each
other they've had a good successful
marriage for the past 30 years
this happens in a lot of arranged
marriages
you know even today some orthodox very
religious young people Jewish and Muslim
and Christian marry this way
I shook my head amazing I said
the next person that I interviewed was
Bill a guy in my business management
class
I meet a lot of women in dance clubs at
least I used to
he said
the environment was exciting and I used
to go every weekend if possible to dance
or talk or just listen to music
that seems great I said
I thought so too at first he said a
little sadly but on the other hand the
music at these places was very loud
many people drank so they didn't talk
they shouted and didn't listen much
both the men and the women got kind of
aggressive
and it was so disorganized so I've been
trying speed-dating instead of bars and
clubs
what on earth is that I asked amazed
well you go to a nice place with tables
and chairs you get to meet a new person
every six minutes
then you list the people you want to see
again
does it work
no it's much too fast for me I don't
move that quickly and I'm not a speedy
thinker or talker either
you know you ought to talk to my brother
Freddie here you can get him by
speed-dialing my cellphone
bill handed me the cellular telephone
i speed-dialed Freddie
oh I do just about everything on the
internet you know the world wide web
volunteered Freddie very quickly
you meet potential dates and girlfriends
and mates on the web on your computer I
asked not really so amazed anymore
yeah there are plenty of people to
communicate with in cyberspace
Freddie began enthusiastically
with the most up-to-date technology
laptops and power notebooks and even
camera and video phones you can do it
anywhere at home at work and school at
cafes in the library you can go into
chat rooms and talk by typing
slowing down Freddie pause to think
on the other hand I'm not such a good
writer it's hard you know to use those
little computer devices
anyway well um who knows what is real
there and what isn't who knows like who
might be dangerous
he continued starting to sound a little
discouraged
it seems he was talking more to himself
than to me
I thank them and we said goodbye so I
could continue my search for the perfect
way to find the perfect mate
the internet never said Julie a student
who works part-time in the campus
bookstore
I prefer to make new friends at places
where people have the same interests
I met my boyfriend at the health club
for example
and it seems that the healthy atmosphere
of the gym is continuing into the
relationship that I have with him
we work out together hang out at the
pool and hot tubs go to the health food
juice bar and so on there are so many
active attractive people there
hmm maybe you should try it
that sounds wonderful I said
yes Julie said I guess so but to be
honest there's one problem with this
arrangement
what I asked
the truth is that I really hate to
exercise so I don't want to go to the
gym anymore
what's my boyfriend going to think when
he finds this out to be continued
part-2
needing the perfect mate part two
what is the best way to meet the perfect
husband or wife
computer dating services are the answer
my friend Sarah who lives down the hall
from me in the dormitory
they provide a great way to meet people
the biggest advantage is that you have a
lot in common with the people you meet
through a computer
the computer can match you up with
someone of your same intelligence
cultural background or religion age
personality values and so on
if you want you can meet someone who is
famous exciting optimistic healthy
polite any characteristics that are
important to you
you can match your preferences and
lifestyle food nature sports movies and
everything else
and you can ask for a professor a
scientist a computer specialist an
artist or have you had many successful
dates so far I asked
to tell the truth she said not really I
think I made a big mistake when I filled
out the application form I didn't want
to miss a wonderful guy because of an
answer that was too specific so I was
careful to write very general answers
what do you mean
well there was a question about height
I said anyone between three feet five
inches and seven feet five inches
then there was a question about
recreation
I answered yes to 147 interests
from classic historical architecture to
motorcycling
I wrote that I like tennis swimming the
beach the mountains the desert health
food junk food ethnic foods eating out
cooking staying home traveling the arts
TV comedies quiz shows crime dramas
family life single life and on and on
and on you know I think that the
computer got confused
it hasn't found a date for me since I
sent in the application
and what about online video dating asks
Sara's roommate Sandra
online video dating I asked how is that
possible
well I hear that you film yourself and
talk about yourself you know your
background and your interests and things
like that
then you post your video online and
people can view it and you can view
other people's videos and email the
people you want to meet hmm I answered
more videos in my life
well you could place a personal ad
Sandra continued
in the newspaper
sure a friend of mine did that he wanted
to get married so he figured it out by
statistics
he decided that out of every 10 women he
liked one
and out of every ten women he liked he
might fall in love with one therefore to
get married he just needed to meet 100
women
did it work I asked
there was no answer
last I interviewed a guy in the
cafeteria his name was Felix
supermarkets he told me
you're kidding I said
no I'm serious I meet a lot of potential
dates over the frozen pizzas in the
convenience food section also it's easy
to make small talk over the cabbage and
broccoli in the produce section
we discuss chemicals and nutrition and
food prices sometimes this leads to a
very romantic date
I slowly shook my head it is strange
very strange
I didn't respond because I didn't want
to be impolite
that evening I talked with my roommate
OSHA
you know I said I think maybe your
parents and grandparents had a pretty
good idea an arranged marriage is
beginning to see more and more
attractive to me
lesson ten sports
part one
the ancient Olympics
in a world troubled by political
conflict the Olympic Games have
symbolized peace and unity throughout
their history
the ancient Greek Olympics youthful
athletes honored the gods with
demonstrations of their speed and
coordination
based on the highest ideals the Olympic
Games were offered in the spirit of
peace for the love of sport and honest
fair competition
although the Olympics have changed over
time you might be surprised to learn
that according to historians there are
many similarities between the original
Olympic Games and the modern ones
here are two articles to compare the
Olympic competitions of past millennia
with the widely celebrated Olympic Games
of the 21st century
the Olympic events Athens Greece the
fourth century AD
as the greatest of our national
festivals comes to a close again here
are some of its highlights and history
since 776 BC our Summer Olympic Games
have been held every four years at the
sanctuary of our ruler Zeus on Mount
Olympus
as usual this year's games began with
the promise of fairness by athletes and
judges to Zeus
there was a ceremony before the statue
and altar of the great God
there were contests for young boys
participants and spectators met with old
friends
there were speeches poetry tours feasts
parades and singing
next came the competitive sports events
the pentathlon 5 track and field events
including the discus throw javelin throw
the long jump running and wrestling
boxing the four-horse chariot race
horse racing and an extreme combination
of wrestling and boxing
under a full moon there were sacrifices
to the king of the gods
on the fifth and final day prizes were
awarded wreaths made of a special olive
tree branch from the sanctuary
some winners received prizes worth money
there were more feasts for and by the
winners
then the competitors and spectators went
home mostly on foot through the
mountains
women in the Olympic Games
most of the athletes at this year's
events were young men of course
even so unmarried girls competed in foot
races at the festival of Hera Zeus's
wife
there were also spectators at the
festival of Zeus
the owner of the winning chariot team
and the trainer of the winning horse in
the races were female to
on the other hand married women were not
allowed in the sanctuary of Zeus
they didn't want to be thrown off a
cliff so no one broke this rule
the politics of the Olympics
in my opinion the most important
achievement of the Olympic Games has
been its peacefulness not only at the
games but in all of the Greek world
of course the actual events fill only
five short days even so during the three
months before and after the competitions
there is an agreement to protect
travelers so there is usually no
fighting between or among competing
cities although there have been
exceptions in its long history of over a
millennium the ancient games have never
been cancelled for political reasons
in general even during the times of
major Wars the games have contributed to
the cause of peace for well over a
thousand years
you
{{
初级
课程 1 居住的地方
第 1 部分
怪物城市
我们的大城市的美妙地方
是不是很可怕
对此有不同的想法
他喜欢城市公园和餐馆里的生活
许多人不喜欢大城市
他们看到城市人口众多
，他们担心
许多城市的发展速度非常快
他们是怪物城市
怪物在某些国家是一件非常可怕的事情
没有
小城镇的工作
人们去城市工作
例如 300,000 人去
圣保罗 巴西
每年约有 183,000 人
从农村搬到北京
萨尔保罗和北京都是特大
城市 特大城市是非常非常大 城市
它包括主要城市
及其周围的城镇
墨西哥城是一个特大城市
它拥有约 800 万人口
600,000 在城市本身 但
特大城市有超过 2100 万人口
东京是另一个特大城市，拥有超过 800
万人口 东京有 200,000 人口，但
东京及其周边城市超过 3100 万人口
伦敦是另一个特大城市
，约有 740
万人口 在伦敦，
大约 1840
万 在伦敦和周边
城镇
所有城市
都有问题 在美国许多城市的大城市中都存在大问题或特大问题
许多
人没有工作也没有
家 肮脏
有太多汽车
问题是犯罪
许多人害怕犯罪
想要感到安全
人口密度
是一平方英里的人数 2.59 平方公里
人口
密度是佛罗里达州迈阿密许多城市的一个大问题 密度只有
7700 48
泰国曼谷
每平方英里有 58,397 人
这就是拥挤
但其他城市更拥挤
你瘦吗 k William H white 喜欢香港
那里的人口密度为 240 7501
第 2 部分
我的社区
我的名字是 Elena Sanchez
我来自墨西哥，但现在我住在
加利福尼亚
我是这里的
一所小型大学英语课程的学生
我 住在
Olive Street 和 Sycamore Avenue 拐角处的公寓楼
我的地址是 2201 Olive Street
楼前有一棵大橄榄树
街对面有一个公园
公园里有很多橡树
树很漂亮 夏天
我的很多邻居来自不同的
国家
我旁边的人来自印度尼西亚
印度尼西亚家庭的对面
来自哥伦比亚
这个街区的商店
总是很忙
有一家韩国药店，在
亚美尼亚花店
有一家中国教堂 在花店
旁边橄榄街上有三间餐厅
一间墨西哥餐厅 一间日本餐厅和一间
摩洛哥意大利裔美国人
我喜欢我的邻居，但我问自己
一个问题 美国人在哪里第二
课购物
第 1 部分
网络购物
25 年前很少有人使用
互联网
只有科学家和
政府人员知道互联网以及
如何使用
它现在变化非常快
现在几乎每个人都知道
互联网和 许多人
每天都在互联网上上网
当人们想到互联网时，
他们经常想到信息，
但现在越来越多的人在
想到互联网
时想到购物
amazon.com 是最早
尝试在其上销售产品的公司之一 互联网
Jeff Bezos 创办公司的
一天，他对未来做了一个预测，
他看到万维网
每年增长 2,000%，
他预测它会
继续增长，他认为
购物将转移到
互联网
人要在网上购物
他辞掉了好工作，开车
穿越全国到华盛顿西雅图，
在那里他开了一家网上
书店 满载 amazon.com
贝索斯的钱很少
，公司开始在车库里
建一辆车，起初
很少有顾客
在 amazon.com 网站上买东西人们可以搜索
关于一个主题的书找到许多
不同的 有关该主题的
书籍 阅读其他人的想法
用信用卡订购书籍并
在两天内将它们寄出
这种书店是一个新想法，
但业务
在几年内增长了 amazon.com 拥有 1000 万
客户和 售出 1800 万件不同
类别的商品，包括书籍 CD
玩具 电子产品 视频 DVD 家居
装修产品
用于装修房屋的东西 软件和视频
游戏
现在在虚拟购物中心 一
组在线商店 你可以
从美食中购买任何东西 通常特别
十五年前，很多人说
网上购物很疯狂，没有人能
在网上公司
赚钱 e
越来越多的人在网上购物
，网上公司正在盈利
这是一项巨大的业务，
但有些人预测网上
业务不会再增长
他们说客户害怕网上
犯罪，他们将停止在
网上购物 这些人对，
没人知道，但我们很快就会发现
第 2 部分
预测购物的未来 对未来的购物
有不同的想法
有人说每个人都会
在家网上购物
不会再有真正的商店或
购物中心，
但其他人
对未来有不同的
看法 他们说未来仍然会有
购物中心 许多人将
独自在家中使用电脑
工作 他们想去商店
购物
他们想去 社交 与其他人交往
也许他们是对的，
但未来的商店
可能与今天的商店不同
袋子从一个商店到另一个商店
在商店里 他们只会选择
他们不会带回家
的产品 商店会将他们购买的大部分商品（
例如衣服和书籍）送到
他们家
第二个人不需要随身携带钱
或
信用卡 我扫描会识别他们的眼睛
并将他们的购买记录在他们的信用卡上
购物中心可能也会
与今天有所不同
他们不仅
在许多小商店里都有大型百货公司，
摩尔仍将是购物
和娱乐（如电影）的场所，
但 在未来的痣中，忙碌的人们
也会做其他事情
他们会去看医生 牙医
和邮局
他们会去健身房
每个人都同意一件事
购物在未来会有所不同 第三
课家庭
第 1 部分
改变
几乎每个国家的家庭都在
发生变化
这在富裕国家和贫穷
国家
都是如此 在非洲、美洲、亚洲
和欧洲
都是如此 世界各地的家庭
过去在北非越来越小，许多人
住在大家庭中，
五十到一百人一起住
在一组房子里，
这些都是家庭成员，
祖父母，阿姨，叔叔，表亲，
孩子和孙子，
但现在这个传统的家庭正在
分裂成更小的
群体 墨西哥的传统家庭在
一代前也很大，今天的墨西哥
妇女平均有 7 个孩子，
现在她平均只有 2.5 个
孩子，
现在没有这么多孩子，家庭
不需要花那么多钱在
衣食住行等基本生活上。
传统的日本家庭也是
一个大家庭 一个儿子 他的父母 他的
妻子 他的孩子和他未婚的
兄弟姐妹
三代同居，
但这种传统现在正在改变，
大多数家庭是核心家庭
父母和他们的孩子，大多数
日本父母只有一两个
孩子
这些家庭有新问题
许多男人和女人花费大量时间
在工作中
他们很少像家人一样相处
这可能非常困难
一些年轻女性不想要这种
婚姻
工作并与父母住在一起
他们说我不需要
在欧洲的传统家庭中结婚
女人和孩子呆在家里
，男人有工作，
但整个欧洲的家庭都在
改变
德国的离婚数量正在上升 芬兰所有婚姻中有 41% 以离婚告终，
这个数字是 56%，
许多欧洲人没有 离婚，但
他们也不结婚
在欧洲大部分地区 许多人
在法国独居 超过 26% 的
30 至 34 岁女性独居，
超过 27% 的同龄男性
独居
单身人数 - 丹麦的父母家庭正在
增加 60% 的头胎孩子
的父母
未婚 世界正在发生变化，家庭也在
发生变化
有许多新类型的家庭，但大多数
似乎变得越来越小
第 2 部分
我们的家庭团聚
这些 是我家人的照片
去年夏天干杯
我们不住在一起 我们住在
不同的城市 不同的州和
两个国家
但我们经常通过
电话或发送电子邮件
每年夏天所有亲戚都
聚在一起一周
这是我们的 家庭团聚
非常有趣
我们家有两个分支 一个
来自墨西哥 一个来自
美国 人们
来自加利福尼亚 亚利桑那 纽约和
佛罗里达
其他人来自墨西哥城和
佛塔港
我们交替团聚地点
在墨西哥一年，第二年在亚利桑那，
我的曾祖父母住在
波多黎各，我的祖父母现在住在
亚利桑那
州的留尼汪岛，我们野餐一天，
我们玩棒球游泳，吃了很多东西，
我们也打
排球，妇女和女孩 在一个团队中
，男人和男孩在
另一天我们中的一些人去购物
一个晚上我们总是有一个大烧烤
我们围坐在火炉旁讲故事并
吃很多东西
我的阿姨和叔叔
在最后一晚唱歌和演奏音乐 我们在一家不错的酒店共进晚餐舞
我们听音乐跳舞并吃了很多
我们家人非常喜欢吃的东西
我们不仅吃东西
我们整个星期都互相拜访
我们谈论问题
我们计划婚礼并为离婚哭泣
有时我们争吵
都带着新的孩子 新的妻子和
丈夫 新的女朋友和
男朋友
有一个大家庭很好，
但到了周末我总是
很累
很开心
个人健康课程
第 1 部分
身心健康新闻
没有人想生病
每个人都想健康，大多数
人也想长寿，
但健康的身体是不够的，
我们都希望身心健康
我们可以做些什么来保持健康
我们大多数人都知道一些事情
要做 锻炼是个好主意 例如
在健身房 吃水果蔬菜和鱼
多喝水
我们也知道不该做的事情
吃一个坏主意 很多垃圾食品苏 ch as
薯条 冰淇淋 糖果 甜甜圈和
其他含糖或脂肪的食物
做一个沙发土豆是个坏主意
一个经常看电视且不
运动的人 吸烟是一个糟糕的主意，
但科学家们现在有了
关于其他食物的新信息 保持健康的方法
一些令人惊讶
喝可可
几种饮料对
健康有益
橙汁含有维生素 C
牛奶含有钙
红茶和绿茶也对
健康有益
它们含有抗氧化剂 这些可以对抗
癌症和心脏病等
疾病
大多数人 知道这一点
但大多数人不知道可可
热巧克力
他们喜欢甜巧克力饮料
但他们不知道它的
抗
氧化剂它比茶含有更多的抗氧化剂
放松
压力太大担心
生活中的问题对
身体不利
例如健康，它使你的血压
上升
现在我们知道更多
一些压力是慢性的，这意味着
它会持续很长时间，持续数月或数
年
慢性压力 s 会使
人随着年龄的增长而变老 他们的头发会
变白，皮肤上会出现皱纹，
视力和听力会变得更差
这是正常的，但慢性压力会使
人变老更快
加利福尼亚大学旧金山分校的一位科学家研究压力
她可以 现在确定压力如何使人变
老 它会损害身体的
DNA
从中吸取的教训很明显 需要学会放松
睡眠
一种帮助身心健康的简单而廉价的方法
就是
每晚睡 8 小时或更长时间，
但是 根据世界卫生组织的数据，越来越多的人
睡眠不足
世界上
超过一半的人
可能睡眠不足，这意味着
他们
睡眠不足 睡眠不足的人经常有
高血压、
糖尿病等健康问题 由于
血液中的糖分和心脏问题
，他们也更难以做出
明确的决定，我们需要抽出时间多
睡觉，
但 这是另一个原因，
来自德国的一项新研究发现
睡眠使人更
聪明研究表明，大脑
在睡眠期间继续工作，并帮助
睡眠者解决
昨晚没有做功课的问题
也许你可以告诉你的老师 你
在睡眠中努力工作
学习语言
你会说多少种语言
对你来说可能是个好消息
加拿大一所大学的一项研究
发现了一些有趣的东西
说两种语言的
人在考试中比
只会说一种语言的人做得更好
语言 在你的大脑中掌握两种语言似乎是一种心理锻炼
约克大学的 Ellen Bialystok 说，
这就像去一个大脑健身房
结论
要拥有良好的身心健康，
我们需要正确饮食 充分放松睡眠
，锻炼身体和大脑 大脑
有很多关于健康的新信息
其中一些令人惊讶
我们需要了解它
第五课女性和男性
第1部分
男性的谈话和 美国女人的谈话
婚姻往往不容易 爱情往往
不容易
有时男女之间的
友谊不容易
问题是什么 我们的男人和女人
真的很不一样
Deborah Tannen 说是的
男人和女人很不
一样
她讲述她书中的一些差异的方式
你只是不明白
它从童年开始
不同的是坦南说从
男人和女人还是孩子时开始
非常年轻的男孩和女孩彼此相似
，换句话说，他们喜欢许多
相同的东西 事情和玩的方式
都一样 他们没有太大的不同
当美国的孩子是 5
或 6 岁时，
男孩通常会在 l 中玩耍 大型团体
一个男孩下达命令
例如，他说把这个带到
那里并加入这个团队
他是领导者
男孩们也吹嘘 换句话说，他们说
自己的好话 他们这样做是
为了
在其他人的等级制度中占有较高的位置
团体中从低到高的系统
对男孩很重要
美国的女孩通常
在小团体中玩耍或与另一个女孩
一起玩 女孩最好的朋友 她非常非常好的
朋友对她的女孩很重要
不经常发号施令 他们给出
建议，例如他们说让我们
去那里也许我们应该
这样做，你想和女孩一起玩吗？
女孩通常没有领导，
他们不经常吹嘘
每个人都有平等的地位
男孩和女孩玩不同的游戏
太多的时间 小女孩坐在
一起聊天 他们有
谈话 小男孩通常很
活跃 他们在孩子
长大后做事 没有什么真正改变
谁说话更多以及为什么
很多人相信
根据黛博拉·坦南（Deborah Tannen）的说法，女性比男性说话更多，
这并不完全正确，
她说女性比男性说话更多，只有
在私人场合，在家里与
家人或几个朋友
在公共场合，换句话说，在
大团体或工作中 男人说话
更多 Tannen 说男人和女人
说话的原因不同
和爱
他们也会交谈以保持
与朋友和家人的亲密关系
结论
尽管男人和女人可能会
说同一种语言 有时他们彼此听不懂
男人和女人的对话几乎是
两种不同的语言，
但也许男人和女人可以
如果他们理解你第 2 部分讲话中的差异，那么学会互相理解
他说她说的是我们 夫妻
很好医生我开始担心
我的婚姻
我和妻子只是不了解对方
喜欢和我一起做事她不会和我一起打
网球或棒球她不
喜欢和我一起修车
她不和我一起在房子上工作
你知道油漆房子或修理屋顶
当我谈论有趣的事情时，她不听
体育金钱或世界
政治
有时她会因为不重要的事情而对我生气，
她会说，
说 谈论无趣
的事情 她的
好医生怎么了
打扫房子
他的生活很轻松 他只有一份工作 我
必须做 有时他在家时我感到很孤独
他看报纸或
看电视
他不和我说话 他对我说话
他只和他的朋友说话
他不 如果我告诉他我的d，不要听
是的，他对我们的朋友和亲戚不感兴趣，
有时他给我命令，
有时他告诉我有关体育或
政治的事情，但我不喜欢它，因为我
觉得自己像个学生
，他怎么了
第六课睡觉和
做梦部分- 1
睡眠和做梦的目的
许多人想知道我们为什么要睡觉
为什么我们会做梦
他们问自己目的或
原因
关于这一点有很多理论或观点，但科学家们不知道
这些观点是否是正确
的
睡眠理论 睡眠说
白天我们在身体和大脑中使用许多重要的化学物质
我们需要睡眠来制造新的化学物质并
修复或修复我们的身体
这个理论被称为修复理论 该理论的
一个证据
是我们的身体会产生更多
生长激素 一种在我们睡觉时帮助我们成长的化学物质
另一种理论是睡眠的目的
是做梦
做梦发生或只发生在
睡眠的一个阶段或时期 REM 快速
眼 运动睡眠 快速
眼动睡眠大约每 90 分钟发生一次
，持续约 20 分钟 一些
科学家认为快速眼动睡眠有助于
我们记住事物，但其他
科学家不同意
梦 理论
不管睡眠的原因是什么 每个人都
睡觉，每个人每晚都做梦
我们很多次 不记得我们的梦，
但我们仍然
像睡觉一样做梦 没有人确切知道我们为什么
做梦或梦意味着什么
历史上有许多关于梦的理论
许多文化认为梦可以
预测未来，它们可以告诉我们
将会发生什么 发生在我们
身上 但是有些人认为梦
只是一种娱乐形式
西格蒙德·弗洛伊德 (Sigmund Freud) 等心理学家
说梦不是
对未来的预测
关于做梦目的的理论
弗洛伊德在 1900 年左右
写道，梦可以告诉你 s 关于我们的
情绪 感觉和欲望或愿望
弗洛伊德认为我们的梦充满
了
象征 换句话说，我们梦中的事物意味着
其他事物 例如
梦中的道路并不是真正的道路
它可能是做梦者生活的象征
弗洛伊德认为梦是关于
我们童年时代的过去的事情
其他
心理学家说不 为什么我们会做梦
但是有
来自研究或研究的有趣的新证据表明
我们清醒时大脑的许多部分
是活跃的，例如情绪的部分
视觉的能力看到
逻辑的能力思考和理解的能力
以及其他
但是当我们 睡着了，做梦
大脑中用于逻辑的部分不
活跃
也许这一新证据回答了一个
常见问题，为什么梦看起来如此
疯狂 wo
一个梦的叙述
这是一个 40 岁商人的梦
他已婚并有两个
孩子
他去看心理医生 因为他
感到很焦虑
心理医生告诉他写下
他的梦 这是他从 6 月
7
日开始的梦 6 月
梦想中的第 7 名 我在一个
大城市 非常大而且非常黑暗
这座城市看起来像纽约，但
看起来不像真正的纽约
一个人在
街上
走了一会儿
然后我意识到我迷路了
我再也找不到我朋友的公寓
我开始感到不舒服
试图回到公寓但所有
的街道看起来都很陌生而且
完全不同我没有 不知道
我朋友的地址
我开始感到焦虑
我一直在走路
我想找些熟悉的
东西 时间不早了
我决定回家
我知道我的家在城外
我在街上看到公共汽车 但我不
知道是哪一辆 吨 o 采取
我找不到离开
城市的方法有回家的方法但我不
知道我询问
了人们回答的方向但他们没有
任何意义他们的所有方向都非常
复杂而且我 突然无法理解
他们
我在一艘船上
船正在穿越一条非常
危险的河流
很黑
河很脏 里面有垃圾
我看不到河的另
一边 我很害怕 我开始思考
我永远无法回家
我试图寻求帮助但没人
听我
然后我醒来了
第七课在工作中工作
第 1 部分
志愿
有些人每天上班然后
回家他们与
家人和朋友共度时光 也许他们看电视
或看电影
有时他们锻炼或阅读这就是
他们的生活但对其他人来说这
还不够
许多人想帮助他们做志愿者
他们抽出一些时间来帮助
其他人
志愿者以多种方式提供帮助
有些人探望生病和孤独的人
把他们的友谊送给
没有父母的孩子
有些人为无家可归的人建造房屋 有些
人坐着抱着患有艾滋病
和 II Lipkis 的婴儿 在夏令营中，当他
种下他的第一棵树时，
他开始思考
许多国家的环境，人们正在
砍伐树木
，Alypius 对此感到担忧。 1974 年，
他创办了一群树人来种植
松树榆树柏树和桉树，
他们也开始种植 种果树和
贫困社区，因为新鲜水果
对穷人来说通常太贵了
今天有成千上万的
树人成员，每天都有更多人加入他们
在各地种植数百万棵树以
帮助环境和人们
Ruth Brinker 不打算改变
世界 然后一个年轻的朋友
生病了 他很快就得了艾滋病 他病得很重
，他不能照顾自己
Brinke r 和其他朋友
在 1985 年开始帮助他 Brinker 开始了项目 open
hand 这个小组做饭并很快把
它们带到艾滋病患者那里
项目 open hand 志愿者
每天做很多饭菜，并
把它们送到今天不能
离开家的人
志愿者每天准备 2,000 顿饭
Ruth Brinker 并没有打算改变
世界，但她正在改变
人们的生活
只有三名志愿者
于 1975 年在北加州开始了海洋哺乳动物中心
今天有 800 名志愿者
与哺乳动物一起工作
幼年时
以母乳为食 志愿者帮助生病的海洋哺乳动物
海豹海狮和
海獭 生病的动物变得健康和
强壮 没有母亲的小动物在
数周或有时数月内长得又大又健康
志愿者帮助喂养和照顾
这些
动物 还在一个教育项目
中工作，向人们传授这些动物
的知识 志愿者们没有得到任何
报酬 d 工作
他们的薪水是
在他们可以释放健康的动物的
那一天的美好感觉 把它带到海洋的家中
三十或四十年前大多数
志愿者都是家庭主妇
他们在丈夫今天工作时自愿抽出时间
两个男人 女性志愿者、
青少年和儿童也
有来自各个社会
阶层的志愿者 所有社区和所有年龄段的人
大多数不富有或不出名 他们喜欢
自己的志愿者工作
今天人们需要他们 世界
比以往任何时候都更需要志愿者
或许是一个年轻的祖鲁男孩
南非的科西约翰逊
在他 12 岁死于艾滋病之前说得最好
他发表了一个现在著名
的演讲他说尽
你所能在你所拥有的时间里做你所拥有
的
一切
第 2 部分
我的特殊年份
我的名字是巴勃罗 我认为我是一个幸运的人
好家庭 我们住
在一个非常特别的地方 一个很好的社区
墨西哥巴亚尔塔港
人们从许多国家旅行到这里
他们的假期 我们有美丽的
海滩 酒店 餐厅 购物和
运动
在我美丽的家乡 还有
非常贫穷的社区
这些地区很拥挤，有
很多犯罪
对这些地区的许多孩子来说，生活很
糟糕 童年，因为他们
无家可归，流落街头
他们没有家庭或教育
没有足够的食物
他们中的大多数人患有慢性压力 许多
吸毒或患有疾病或精神
问题
去年我从巴亚尔塔港回到巴亚尔塔港
我在墨西哥城的大学
我在一个名为 outreach international 的组织做了一年的志愿者，
他们有几个项目
我自愿参加了一个项目，帮助
街头儿童
这是我一生中最好和最困难
的
一年 我工作的那一年学到了很多
在一个流浪儿童的家中，
所有男孩都在这个家
这是一所老式学校，现在没人
在这个家中使用，男孩们有
睡觉和三餐的地方 很容易，但这不是
一所学校，他们上的是邻里
学校 家里让男孩们远离街头
它向他们展示了
作为志愿者的另一种生活方式 我帮助准备饭菜
我教篮球、
足球和艺术等游戏
我帮助孩子们学习 他们的家庭作业
这些孩子很有趣
他们精力充沛但他们
也很坚强 街道上的艰辛
使他们变得坚强，并不
总是可爱的孩子
在这个男孩之家 我遇到了另外两个
来自加拿大的志愿者 Brian 和
Greg 澳大利亚
在很多方面我们非常相似
我们同龄 来自良好的
家庭 受过良好的教育并且喜欢
旅行
他们都是像我一样的大学生
我们成为了朋友
我帮助他们学习西班牙语 他们帮助
我学习英语
他们来认识 我的家人和我们
一起玩得很开心
现在我们互相发电子邮件
但最重要的是我会永远
记住孩子们我希望他们的生活
将来会更好
他们生活之间的对比 我的
生活很美好，
我希望他们能像我
一样
过
上好生活 今天吃了两种鱼
和六只鸡
我们可能会想知道什么没有水果没有
蔬菜
300 多年前欧洲人的
饮食与今天不同
在提香鲁本斯和
其他艺术家的名画中他们看起来也不同 人们并不瘦 他们
超重，
但 300 年前的人们认为今天的饮食有多么
吸引人，而不是多么丑陋
今天人们正在更多地了解
健康 许多人正在改变他们
的饮食方式 他们正在吃很多
水果和蔬菜
许多蔬菜是生的 他们
不是 煮熟是因为烹饪会带走
一些维生素，例如维生素 AB 和 C
人们少吃糖
他们吃低脂食物 他们
不吃太多红肉 他们
少喝可乐 a nd 咖啡
试图变瘦
这些天人们想要苗条而不是
胖
有时北美的人
有点疯狂地
减肥 一年美国人
在节食和减肥产品上的花费超过 460 亿
美元 许多国家存在
严重的肥胖问题，换句话说
，超重的情况
有两个主要原因，
首先，现在很多人经常去
快餐店，他们过去没有
去这些餐馆很多食物，
例如 炸土豆和肉类
脂肪含量高 一些乳制品（
例如奶酪）脂肪含量高，
而冰淇淋等其他乳制品脂肪含量高
gar
这似乎类似于 samuel peeps 他的
派对不是吗 ii 节食并不
经常起作用 有时人们会快速减肥，
但他们通常会再次
恢复体重 几乎 95% 的人
在节食后体重增加 一个
肥胖问题很容易 看到超重的
人患上更多的疾病，例如
心脏病和
糖尿病 太少的食物和
错误的食物都是坏主意 第二
部分
吃虫子
不同的文化喜欢不同的
食物 有时一种文化认为美味的食物
可能会让另一种文化感到恶心
厌恶印度的一些印度
教徒 法国人有时吃马肉
或青蛙，这讨论了一些
美国人在西方国家吃奶酪
和许多 A sians 认为这很
恶心
然后有昆虫 许多人
想知道人们怎么能吃虫子
美国的孩子们做出可怕的表情并说
ooh yucky
然而昆虫是
许多国家饮食的重要组成部分
在不同的地方人们吃超过
1,000 种 昆虫，
过去也吃过它们
例如古希腊和
罗马的人吃昆虫 美洲印第安人吃
蚱蜢 蟋蟀和毛毛虫
今天在非洲的部分地区人们吃
白蚁昆虫 吃木头和
毛毛虫作为零食 在日本有些
人吃蚱蜢和大豆
在小村庄和
泰国的一些餐馆里，人们喜欢吃
蟋蟀和蚱蜢
在一些墨西哥餐馆里人们花
25 美元买一盘蝴蝶幼虫
在美国，一些餐馆现在
把昆虫作为美食
在中国人们每人花费 1 亿
美元 蚂蚁年
有不同的方法来准备虫子
作为食物一种方法是将它们煮沸 y
哥伦比亚的热水 菲律宾的一些人把它们
涂
在面包上 墨西哥的人用
黄油和蔬菜
一起煎 非洲的一些地方用油煎或
用柠檬汁腌制 盐和
辣椒
一些
人在其他地方烘烤或油炸 他们生吃
昆虫的地区 然而昆虫学家
研究昆虫的科学家说，重要的是
要煮昆虫而不是生吃在
美国
，一家名为 hot licks 的公司现在销售
含有昆虫的糖果
Julieta Ramos eller Dewey
墨西哥城一所大学的研究员 说
有很多吃虫子的好理由
首先 昆虫是一种便宜的食物，除了
在昂贵餐厅的盘子上，
它们味道很好
有些昆虫尝起来像坚果 培根 薄荷
或肉桂
第二 虫子对我们的健康有益，
例如它们通常有更多 蛋白质
比牛肉或鱼
三分之一 它们可以为
在森林中找到它们并
在非洲部分地区出售的穷人带来金钱 有七
磅 只在一棵树上有昆虫
这为很少的工作带来了可观的利润
最后吃昆虫可以
帮助拯救环境 在许多
国家人们砍伐树木
但是如果
树木有昆虫可以吃或出售他们就不会这样做
世界各地的人们现在都在吃
来自其他国家的食物
西方人现在喜欢日本
寿司 一小卷煮熟的白
米饭配上生鱼片
蔬菜或鸡蛋
世界各地的人都吃意大利比萨饼和
美式汉堡包
也许有一天
在任何国家的快餐店 一个顾客 会说给
我一个汉堡包和一份
毛毛虫，请
在未来 昆虫可能
对我们来说就像米饼或豆类一样熟悉 第
9 课参观的地方
第 1 部分
冒险假期
人们喜欢不同类型的假期
有些人去露营 他们游泳 鱼厨师
生火睡在外面
别人喜欢呆在一个
令人兴奋的城市里的酒店他们整天购物
，整晚跳舞，
或者他们去si 游览
美国的迪斯尼乐园、
印度的泰姬陵或
法国
的卢浮宫
等
地 想学习一些东西，也许
也想帮助人们
他们怎么做
旅游公司和环保
组织正在计划特殊的冒险
有时这些旅行很困难，但
也有很多乐趣
一个组织 Earthwatch 将小
团体的志愿者派往世界不同地区
一些 志愿者花两周时间
研究环境
其他人了解过去的
人 其他人与动物或植物一起
工作 在遥远的北方努力工作
你想在遥远的北方冒险吗
科学家们担心
全球气候的变化
他们正在研究
由于气候变暖，环境正在发生变化
两支志愿者队伍，一支在阿拉斯加
，另一支 在冰岛将研究
冰川 移动非常缓慢的大冰场
这些冰川正在变得越来越小
科学家们想知道为什么以及如何
另一个团队将前往加拿大马尼托巴省
如果您喜欢运动和寒冷的天气，该团队将收集有关鸟类哺乳动物和雪量的信息
这些对您来说是一次不错的旅行，但您的
身体状况必须非常好
学习海洋哺乳动物
您喜欢海洋动物
吗 您可以在佛罗里达度过两个星期
您可以在那里
学习海豚 了解这些聪明的海洋哺乳动物会很令人兴奋
这些美丽的动物可以 活到
50 岁以上
他们在小船上与家人一起旅行
志愿者将研究
并拍摄这些群体
本研究的目的是
了解动物的社会行为
科学家想知道海豚的行为
以及它们的生活方式
科学家也想知道 例如，研究海豚的
健康，他们想知道海洋
污染是否会改变海豚的健康，
如果你 你喜欢温暖的天气海洋和
动物这对你来说是一次很好的旅行
挖掘
过去你对历史或史前史感兴趣
那么法国西南部是
你
在 35,000 到 250,000 年前冒险的地方
早期人类居住在这个地区
志愿者将工作 与
来自法国德国和美国的考古学家
一起寻找有关
当时人们生活方式的证据
如果您选择这次冒险，您将
挖掘石器和骨头，清理它们
并
在空闲时间拍摄它们您可以四处旅行
法国南部美丽的乡村
海滩和生物
你喜欢海滩并喜欢
了解植物
在尤卡坦半岛有一个地球观察冒险 墨西哥
尤卡坦半岛的北海岸 有
美丽的植物种类
不幸的是，其中许多正在
消失的
人 把它们挖出来卖
大钱
墨西哥生物学家需要志愿者
收集种子计数植物和h elp
在您的空闲时间保存几种植物物种 如果您喜欢热带气候，您可以前往
该地区的考古遗址
这是
适合您的旅行
您想要一个非常不同的假期
您想要远行吗努力工作并
学到很多东西 那么地球观察
假期适合你第
10 课拯救地球
第 1 部分
海洋陷入困境
许多环保组织警告
说，根据联合国粮食及农业组织粮农组织的数据，全球海洋处于巨大
危险之中
，
世界上 70% 的捕鱼区处于 处于危险之中的
原因当然是大量
的污染，
但是还有另一种危险，它
可能比污染更有害，
这种危险是过度捕捞，
无论你在世界的哪个地方看，
平均 90% 的鱼都消失了 一位
生物学家说 来自加拿大达尔豪斯大学的
新技术
渔民发现的鱼越来越少，
但这并不意味着
渔民不再
捕鱼 许多人正在使用新技术在
深达一英里的新水域
捕鱼 拖网渔船 大型渔船正在使用带
轮子和滚轮的特殊
渔网 将这些渔网拖过
深海底部，他们
用这些渔网捕捞任何大小的东西 渔民
捕捞人们吃的鱼，但
渔网也捕捞海洋哺乳动物，例如
海狮、海豚，有时还有鲸鱼
。
这些网对鱼类的影响也捕捞鱿鱼、
红蟹、松颚鳗、刺角
鲨和橘子
鲈鱼等物种。几年前，人们没有 现在不想
吃这些物种，
你可以在鱼店里找到它们，
在快餐店的鱼三明治里找到它们，
或者在海鲜沙拉中买到假的不是真正的蟹肉
，橙色粗略提供了一个例子，
说明
这条鱼只出现在鱼店里
10 年前，但该
物种已经几乎灭绝
了橙色粗略生活在
海洋深处，在新西兰附近的寒冷水域中深达一英里，
科学家们现在知道了 深冷水中的鱼
生长和繁殖非常
缓慢，例如橙色粗略鱼的
寿命为 150 岁，
它直到 30 岁才开始繁殖，
尽管这种鱼几乎已经灭绝，
人们仍然在海鲜商店
和 餐馆
，当然也可能
是你在快餐店吃的鱼三明治
许多科学家认为，目前的
捕鱼方法将摧毁世界上所有的
大型捕鱼区
工业从
使用某种技术，但这
将是困难的
许多大型渔业公司有
很多钱，他们用这些钱来
影响世界各地的政治家
没有捕鱼区
其他科学家认为
政府应该建立没有捕鱼
区 在联合国国际海洋年期间，无人能捕捞
政府可以对这些地区
进行
监管 超过 1,600 名主要海洋
来自 65 个国家/地区的科学家和保护生物学家敦促世界
创造 80 倍于现在的禁渔区
，
他们的目标是到
2020 年保护世界 20% 的海洋。
开始排除没有捕鱼区，
因为该
行业捕获的鱼量越来越少，
渔业经常争辩
说科学证据不完整
，我们只是不知道
现在科学家和环保主义者在海洋中发生了什么
在政府通过保护海洋的法律之前必须提供证据表明渔业正在造成损害
这需要时间，有时
很难证明这样的事情
科学杂志说我们应该有
大渔业公司应该有的相反规则
在我们允许
他们捕捞
包容性
环保主义者之前证明他们没有破坏海洋 说
普通人需要团结起来，向他们的政府施压，要求
他们做某事
拥有大型拖网渔船的大型渔业公司
不会
自行停止捕捞
环保主义者说，如果我们
不向政府施压，我们
将一无所有 海洋但
水
你第二
部分
修复环境
复活节岛的早期生活
复活节岛是古代太平洋上一个非常小的岛屿，
岛上
覆盖着
美丽的森林等植被，周围的
海洋富含
鱼类 人口增长到今天大约 9,000
人
我们知道他们的艺术
数百个巨大的令人惊叹
的
石头雕像 数百年来人们
创造了越来越大的
雕像 复活节岛上大约 700 年不断变化的历史
生活
很好
但是 15世纪人们
突然停止创作雕像
，环境也彻底改变
地球没有为人们生产足够的食物
森林消失了，因为人们
砍伐了所有
没有树木的树木他们甚至不能建造
独木舟一种小船，
因此他们不能去捕鱼
社会被摧毁
了
当欧洲人在 1722 年到达时，人们很饿 复活节岛
只有大约 2,000 人
作为例子
科学家经常提到复活节岛
他们认为这是人类对环境造成破坏的一个例子
他们说我们的地球就像一个
岛屿
当我们摧毁它时，我们就摧毁了自己，
他们说我们现在正在摧毁它，
就像古代复活节岛的人们一样，
我们正在
世界范围内砍伐森林，环境正在
变化，气候正在变暖，
冰川正在融化，
污染充满了空气中的许多河流和湖泊
许多城市
，每年大约有 20,000 种
动植物物种灭绝
我们能做些什么
有些人认为这种情况是
绝望的，但环境 心理学家说
现在还为时不晚
有些事情我们可以做
政府和大公司需要
做出重大改变但每个人
都可以做出许多小改变
所有这些小改变可以加起来
它们可以带来很大的改变
这里只是一些
种植树木
树木吸收
二氧化碳 工厂
通过有机水果和蔬菜排放到空气中的二氧化碳
不含危险化学物质的植物
这些对您的健康和
地球也有好处
重复使用容器，换句话说，不要
扔空的塑料食品容器
扔进垃圾桶或垃圾
清洗并再次
使用 扔掉塑料袋或
容器时多次使用塑料袋 它在地球上停留了数
千年
不要使用纸或塑料袋
随身携带布袋 超市
你可以多年来反复使用同一个布袋
回收你不能重复使用的东西
你可以回收铝罐
玻璃瓶 一些塑料容器和
报纸
使用紧凑型荧光
灯泡，使用寿命是普通灯泡的 10 倍，
因此可以为您省钱，
而且可以减少 75% 的能源消耗，
其中一个灯泡可以将半吨
1000 磅的二氧化碳排出
空气
你吃金枪鱼吗
如果是这样，请仔细查看罐头
上只有对海豚安全的金枪鱼，
换句话说，来自公司的金枪鱼有
特殊的网，不会杀死
海豚 在
这里为您的曾曾孙子们
中级
课程 第一课 学生生活
第 1 部分
国际学生
介绍和定义
世界各地都有
国际学生在高等教育机构 国际学生
的定义
是大专以上学历 来自
另一个国家的学生
post-secondary 的意思是高中毕业后
国际
学生的另一个短语是外国学生
t “外国”这个词意味着不同的
国家或文化，
即使有些人不喜欢“外国”这个词，
而是使用“
国际学生”这个词
来表示高等教育机构
他们说大学学院或学校
我们是国际学生上学
国际学生离开 他们的祖国
他们在国外上学
国外这个词的一个含义是在
外国 越来越多的国际学生
在
拉丁美洲的发展中国家上大学 亚洲
和非洲
发展中国家是
没有高水平工业化或
技术的国家
为什么学生在国外上学
为什么高中和大学毕业生
去的大学远离
他们家的
本科生是大专以上的
没有大学学位的学生
通常 本科生想要体验
新文化中的生活
也许他们想学好另一种
语言
许多学生想要商业
工程或技术学位
这些科目在他们的国家并不总是可用
一些政府和公司会派出
他们最好的研究生 和工人
到其他国家学习新知识和
技能，
以及一些来自
国内昂贵私立学校的国际学生
通过出国留学项目节省资金，
尤其是在发展中国家
为什么大学需要外国学生
为什么高等教育机构
需要
来自其他国家和
文化的国际学生 将国际主义带入
课堂和校园
他们带来不同的语言
来自许多地方的风俗思想和意见
教育机构也需要钱
学费是教学费用或收费
私立学校 我们的学院和
大学不受 Go 支持
他们收取高额学费
国际学生不是公民
或移民 公民和移民的
一种定义
是一个国家
或国家的合法成员
国际学生
向州立或政府学校支付全额学杂费
，所有离家出走的学生都必须
花钱 住房 食品 娱乐
和其他
出于这些原因 许多学校和
学校团体想要来自
其他国家的学生
结论和总结
由于不同的原因 许多高中
和大学毕业生
出于其他原因想要或需要出国留学 许多国家想要或
需要来自其他国家的学生
学院和大学校园的文化和文化
第 2 部分
世界各地的大学生活 世界
各地学院和大学的相似性和
学生生活 来自其他地方的
学生住在校园的学生公寓里，
或者他们步行到的其他人的私人住宅中
上学或
骑自行车或
开车去那里 有时他们乘坐公共
交通工具，例如公共汽车或地铁
他们上课并参加测验或
考试或考试
他们经过多年的学习完成了必要的课程
要求
他们获得了
证书或大学学位
这些是完成校外学习课程的证明
他们有其他兴趣
在某些方面，家庭或社会生活 高等教育机构的校园生活
在世界各地
的高等教育系统中
都是相同
的 州
的大专学生可以住在家里
并上社区大学
两年或更长时间，
或者他们可以选择多年的州立或
私立学院或大学，
他们可以获得奖学金或贷款等经济援助，
这笔钱
可以帮助学生支付大学学费
和 其他费用贷款必须
用本科学位偿还，他们
可以 参加研究生
院 在
亚洲或中东的一些国家（
如伊朗），系统有所不同
他们的学生在
高中的最后一年参加毕业考试
得分最高的人
就读于该国最好的大学
其他学生可以去其他 不同类型的
大学或获得的工作
教学风格的差异，
但不仅是高等教育系统
可以改变
教学方法和风格
在不同的
学院和大学的不同文化和
个别课程中有所不同，例如
许多教室的气氛非常
正式
学生使用诸如
冈萨雷斯教授或夫人之类的头衔。 Wong 为他们的
导师
一些老师穿商务装做
学术讲座
学生尊重
他们的大师老师的知识和观点
其他教室有一种非正式的
氛围
导师穿着随意，学生
在这种轻松的氛围中使用导师的名字 班级成员
在他们告诉的小组中一起工作 他们的
个人经历 给出他们的
意见并谈论他们的想法
一些老师总是遵循课程
计划或教科书
他们给出很多作业
他们在课程中为家庭作业给出分数或成绩
学生在世界各地参加许多
测验和考试
教学
和学习的差异
校园设施和服务
以及 世界
各地的大学和大学校园中的学生可以使用的设施和服务
在许多高等教育机构
中 学习和
娱乐资源 学生可以
在图书馆获得他们可以阅读和学习的资源
学习资源中心的书籍和其他材料 他们
经常可以在计算机上工作
也许他们可以使用教育软件
程序或互联网
有时可以使用音频或视频设备
，人们可以在校园商店购买书籍用品和
其他东西
学习者可以从辅导员那里获得建议
辅导员个人帮助他们的
课程
也许他们也可以在校园里放松和玩得开心
一些学校有游泳池
网球场和其他体育设施
大多数有小吃店 自助餐厅或其他
饮食
场所 在一些学校，并非所有学生都去
校园 用电脑上网课
看电视听讲座或
使用其他形式的远程学习
课程第二课自然
第1
部分天气
biyo气象学家及其研究
的强大影响是否对物理世界有强大的影响
它也影响人们的个性
如何 我们知道
天气对
我们认识的人的影响吗？ rom 生物气象学家
这些科学家研究天气
他们研究大气条件如何
影响人类健康和
情绪 大气一词是指地球周围的
空气 某个时间或地点的大气条件
是天气一词的定义
这些条件的一些例子是
太阳风雨雪 湿度
空气中的水分含量和气压 空气
的力量
大气的天气状况
极大地影响或影响人们的
健康 思想和
感受 风如何影响
全世界的健康 风从
高山
地区吹来 风速下降 速度越来越快，
空气变得越来越温暖和干燥
，科学家们如何
评价这种天气对健康的影响
根据俄罗斯的生物气象学家的说法，
来自山上的强风
增加了中风的次数
大脑中的血管攻击
也有时会吹来强烈的南风
研究人员说，在这段时间里，
意大利北部上空 心脏病发作更多 心脏骤
停
世界各地的人在
强风
和日本天气期间都会头痛严重
其他类型的天气是否会影响
身体健康
冬季气温突然变化
通常与感冒或流感
有关 流感或流感是一种病毒性疾病，
但感冒和流感可能会增加，
因为人们
在寒冷的天气里在室内彼此密切接触
感冒 流感甚至可能导致肺炎
另一种肺部疾病
其他疾病也会在
长时间的寒冷天气
中增加 大多数地方 血液疾病和
心脏病发作在冬季更常见，
但在一些非常炎热和潮湿的潮湿
地区，心脏病发作更多 在
夏天，
很多人
在三分之三的时候患有高血压 你的人的
血压在温暖的天气里会下降，
但有些人在一年
中凉爽或寒冷的时候血压会降低
天气和情绪
这些自然的力量极大地影响了
人们的情绪 情绪状况和
感受
对于许多人来说北方
地区的冬天 非常令人沮丧
他们经常吃东西和睡觉，但他们
通常会感到疲倦 他们很紧张，
不能很好地工作
他们很烦躁 对别人不是很好
哦 气象学家甚至给
这种情况起
了个名字 这个名字是季节性情感障碍
悲伤的
科学家 认为这种情绪障碍的原因
是长时间的黑暗，
即使在白天也经常是阴天
或灰色
在阳光明媚的
炎热和潮湿的日子
里最好的工作和思考的最佳天气
是凉爽而清晰的
结论和总结
是你周围的人成为 生病
的频率更高
他们是否患上更多的感冒或流感
甚至肺炎
他们是否有更多的健康问题，
例如头痛或哮喘发作或
心脏病，
或者您是否变得喜怒无常
您是否变得更加疲倦或沮丧
情绪低落或悲伤
根据生物气象学家的说法请记住
和其他天气科学家 原因
可能是大气
第 2 部分
全球
气候变化 全球地区的气候
天气一词是指
特定地点和时间
的大气条件 与天气相比，天气可能每天都
在变化 气候是
全球不同地区一个地区的一般或平均大气条件
气候通常
每年都
保持不变 例如沙漠的气候
通常非常干燥
，冬天可能很冷，夏天可能很热，
但很少 雨水或
湿度 与热带雨林相反
世界上大多数其他地区的湿度非常高
天气凉爽或 冬季寒冷潮湿或干燥
根据一些气象学家的说法，夏季温暖或炎热干燥或潮湿 根据
研究人员的说法 地球
上大多数地方的地球气候
变化缓慢 天气因季节而异，甚至因季节而异
相比之下，典型的气候
每年都是相似的，
因此全球气候可能
会在一个很长的时期内
发生变化
气温
越来越高
飓风和龙卷风
强风和暴风雪
暴风雪
大量水淹没
旱地和长期干旱 没有
足够的雨水 对地球
上的人类社区造成越来越大的物理破坏
这些极端力量 未来自然会变得
更糟，有人说
，气候的每一次变化都在
地球艺术将给其他领域带来更极端的
变化
全球变暖和厄尔尼诺现象正在
对地球大气产生重大影响
天气和气候
至少这是许多
研究人员和科学家的
看法 什么是全球变暖
它是平均缓慢增加
地球每年的温度
原因是大气中气体的增加
什么是
厄尔尼诺 西班牙语短语的意思是小男孩
或圣婴
它命名的天气
状况 12 月份最常见
这种季节性天气紊乱是一种
变化 在太平洋热带地区的大气中，
它会增加美洲的降雨量，
并可能带来强风和
飓风
，相比之下，厄尔尼诺现象可能会
导致南太平洋和西太平洋的干旱亚洲
暴雪的降雪和长时间的
低温可能 跟随在地球的北部
地区
并不是所有的气象学家都认为有
很多自然全球变暖
根据 th 这些科学家
厄尔尼诺效应并没有变得更强
那么为什么地球的温度
会上升
为什么像飓风这样的热带风暴会
造成越来越大的洪水和风灾
人类可能是造成
天气和气候极端影响的主要原因
变化
汽车和工厂正在
向地球大气中排放越来越多的气体，如二氧化碳 二氧化碳
煤炭和石油也会向空气中添加二氧化碳
树木和植物也会吸收二氧化碳，
但人类正在砍伐
热带雨林，并
在使用绿色植物的地方建造建筑物 to grow
the world now has a lot of people and it
will have more people in the
future
第三课食物和饮食
第1部分
全球饮食选择
饮食这个词的含义英语
中的大多数单词都
不止一个简单或基本 含义
一个例子是饮食这个词
这个名词的最一般定义
是一个人或一个群体通常的食物
选择和习惯
在一个更具体的定义 初始饮食是指
仅包含某些种类
或数量的食物
的饮食计划，例如饮食通常是减肥计划
，作为动词饮食意味着减肥，
人们可以继续节食，这意味着他们正在
开始一项减肥计划
国际
世界各地的快餐 全球
饮食包括廉价
餐厅的快餐 小吃店或食品摊
一些典型的美国
快餐的例子是汉堡包 热狗
三明治和炸鸡
一些常见的国际快餐
可能是德国香肠和意大利炸肉排
披萨和意大利面 墨西哥炸玉米饼
和墨西哥卷饼 中东 烤肉串
和沙拉三明治 日本寿司和天妇罗
和中国蛋卷和面条
为什么这种食物变得
越来越普遍或世界
第一 快餐店通常
准备和供应食物很快
第二很多 快餐店
是快餐连锁店的一部分，
其名称和公司所有者相同
例如，最大和最著名的
美国快餐连锁店
在除南极洲以外的地球上的每个大陆都提供汉堡包
它的菜单项
在所有文化中可能并不完全相同，但它的 25,000
家餐厅都有相同的外观和
风格 气氛似乎舒适和
熟悉
第三 快餐店的食物
价格通常低于非正式
餐厅或在家制作的特色菜
最后人们通常会喜欢
食物的味道，即使它不是很有
营养 健康
人们如何做出个人食物选择
大多数人如何做出他们自己的食物 饮食
决定
个人选择通常基于
以前的习惯 成本和便利性
对健康和营养的信念以及
对身体美的看法
有些人
在童年时期就学会喜欢某些食物，并且在以后
的生活中不会改变
许多人生活忙碌，所以他们购买
或购买 准备食物并尽快吃掉
一些膳食计划者认为只有新鲜和
天然的食物才是 营养丰富，因此他们购买
不含添加剂的蔬菜水果和食品
化学物质
并以健康的方式制备
患有高血压或糖尿病等健康问题的人
血糖紊乱的人可能采用特殊的
无盐或无糖饮食
非常
年轻或非常年轻的人的营养需求 老年人可能
与其他人的需求不同
有些文化更喜欢苗条的身材而不是
全面的人 所以人们总是在
努力减肥
他们可能会遵循流行的饮食，例如
低碳水化合物饮食
蛋白质含量高但含量低的饮食系统 在精制碳水化合物中
世界各地饮食习惯的其他原因
与个人饮食计划不同
整个文化和地区的饮食
来自当地历史和传统
例如典型的墨西哥饮食是
前哥伦布时期西班牙和法国
文化食物的组合
它很丰富 复合碳水化合物 玉米
豆 大米面包和蛋白豆 鸡蛋
鱼肉
鱼和来自海的鱼制品
日本周边
地区是日本传统饮食中最重要的组成部分之一
富含维生素和矿物质 供应海鲜
烤 烤 生 干 腌制
冷热
豆制品 味噌豆腐和豆瓣酱
发酵蔬菜和米饭
在典型的日本饮食中也很重要
宗教习俗也可能极大地
影响饮食
，例如一些犹太人保持
犹太洁食遵循犹太
食物准备的要求，食用
这些法律禁止食用猪肉或培根
或其他来自猪的肉类、贝类、蛇
或昆虫
，此外人们不应食用肉类
和奶制品
以类似的方式在同一顿饭上 穆斯林遵守
清真饮食法
根据仪式的一种特殊方式，
也是出于宗教原因，一些
基督徒吃鱼而不是肉
周五，
他们
还在春季复活节前 40 天的大斋节期间限制他们的食物选择，
总结并总结全球饮食
普遍越来越多的膳食包括
基本必需的食物元素蛋白质
碳水化合物和脂肪
几乎无处不在某种肉类鱼类
乳制品或其他食物
蛋白质是良好早餐的一部分
午餐或晚餐
还有谷物 面包 蔬菜
水果等
许多菜肴都含有必要的
维生素和矿物质
新鲜烹制的罐装冷冻
或包装
快餐非常受欢迎，也许它
在某些方面变得更健康，
世界各地的饮食选择变得越来越相似，
即使现在食物选择的种类很多，
而且可能会
增加
我们的 烹饪习俗
世界各地的饮食习惯和食物偏好
或多或少变得健康
它们对人类是好是坏
这些问题
是研究和讨论的有趣话题
第 2 部分
关于食物的事实
食物大战
地球上到处都有食物
专家对各种目的的最佳营养有相反或不同的
看法
很多人 相信最
健康的饮食是高纤维
维生素和矿物质，但脂肪
胆固醇糖和盐含量低
一些营养学家说，完美的
饮食计划主要包含
碳水化合物，蛋白质含量不高
，相比之下，其他科学家说人们
需要高蛋白膳食，肉类
鸡肉鱼或牛奶 产品和只有
少量的谷物土豆面包
米饭和面条
一种著名的饮食计划
在某些时候只允许某些食物蛋白质与
蛋白质碳水化合物
仅碳水化合物水果等等
一些食客远离他们得到的所有肉类
甚至鱼和奶制品
他们从植物中提取的蛋白质
主要是豆类
其他人只需要高纤维 食物
这些人可能不吃白面包或
白米饭，甚至不吃煮熟的蔬菜，
那么什么是最好的饮食和
健康
方式 食物事实的讨论将持续到
很远的将来
人类生命和健康所必需的物质和元素是水
蛋白质 碳水化合物 脂肪 维生素和
矿物质
大多数食物都含有部分或
全部所需的营养素，但这些
物质对人有不同的影响
各种成分和菜肴
以不同的方式影响矿井，某些
营养素对大脑的影响比其他营养素更好
例如，西兰花可以增加脑力
一些 B 族维生素含量太低会
导致记忆力和思维
能力下降 营养学家说，但是像西兰花这样的深绿色
蔬菜含有
大量这些营养物质
另一个记忆辅助的例子是
卵磷脂，一种来自 大豆也
存在于坚果和
全谷物
等高纤维食物中
比高
糖和碳水化合物的菜肴更有帮助
，咖啡因和咖啡或茶可能
有助于
思考当然它的效果
在大城市以外的许多地方不会持续很长时间
超过四只腿的食物是良好
健康家庭烹饪的一部分
油炸或烤蚂蚁在哥伦比亚是一种美味但
昂贵的小吃 南美洲
在墨西哥的各个地区 超过 300
种昆虫
为南部非洲的食物提供食物 许多人喜欢
吃至少一种他们喜欢的毛虫或
蠕虫
油炸或晒干或煮熟
泰国的番茄酱 越南厨师
用水虫制作辣辣椒酱
花生蚱蜢是一道特色菜
，在中国的一些地区，虫子
不仅是食物的一部分，而且
是药物的重要成分，
大多数昆虫都有
营养价值高
它们含有大量蛋白质 维生素
和矿物质
很多人喜欢它们的味道
它们在地球上无处不在
它们添加到品种中
昆虫是
全球饮食中的一种重要食物，未来
它们可能会成为一种更常见的
成分 世界各地
的饮食和饮食习惯日益相似，
正以不同的方式
影响着不同文化背景的人们，
例如 西方食品正在损害
工业化岛国日本的健康，
而不是少量的海鲜米饭
和蔬菜现在典型的日本饮食
包括大量肉类乳制品，
如全脂牛奶冰淇淋和
提拉米苏等甜点，这是一种富含
巧克力奶酪的意大利菜肴
据日本健康研究人员称，
这种饮食习惯的变化
与
心脏病、中风、
癌症和糖尿病
等健康问题的大量增加有关，另一方面，全球
饮食的变化对捷克共和国的人民产生了相反的影响。
这个欧洲国家的政府
不再支持肉类和奶制品
专业人士
相比之下，新鲜水果和蔬菜
在
私人市场和摊位
上变得越来越普遍
心脏病发作 女性
体重减轻了很多，大多数
人过着更健康的生活
为您所居住的社区上一堂课
我怎么去邮局
我有一条特殊的旅行规则 永远不要
携带地图
问路
有时我会迷路，但我通常玩
得很开心
，还有其他一些优势
我可以练习一门新语言 结识新
朋友 学习新风俗之类
每次我问我如何获得时，我都会了解不同风格的方向
到邮局
这里有一些说明
游客在日本经常感到困惑
的那些差异，因为那里的大多数街道在外面
没有名字
大城市的人们最常
在他们的方向上使用地标，
例如日本人可能会告诉
旅行者这样的事情
直下到拐角
处，在有寿司吧的大酒店左转
，经过水果市场，邮局
就在公共汽车对面 在美国的快餐炸鸡店旁边停下来
人们可能会
根据他们所在的地区或社区
在美国
中西部的乡村以不同的方式给出指示，例如，通常没有
很多地标
，没有山，所以土地是
在许多地方非常平坦 数英里内没有城镇或
建筑物，
而不是地标
平地的居民会告诉你方向，例如
南北东和西，以及
堪萨斯州或爱荷华州两英里的距离，
例如人们会说诸如
在这里走这条路 向北直行
两英里 右转，然后
向东北方向再走一英里
靠左 绕过弯道然后
在大多数城市与当地的 12 号公路合并，但是人们
会说出街区的数量，甚至是
红绿灯或停车标志的数量，
城镇或城市中的人们可能会说
直走五个街区，在
Main Street 左转去 第三个
红绿灯右转
，即第 6 街 邮局
就在您左边两个街区的位置
周围的许多人都
可以在 Internet 上获取街道方向
加拿大的人 美国和
许多欧洲国家的人可以访问
网站以获取
他们输入的方向 类型 在
他们旅行的起点和终点
然后他们得到这样的指示
采取 i xl 州际高速公路 26
英里直行东
进入德克萨斯州
保持左西北 8.7 英里
右转她的收费公路
在出口 5b 采取匝道右向
俄克拉荷马城 俄克拉荷马州，
他们打印出这些指示并
随身携带文件，有时还
带着
没有计算机打印输出的地图，
另一方面，Los Ang 的一些人 eles
California 可能不知道
地图上的距离
这个太平洋沿岸地区的居民
几乎总是在他们的车里，所以他们会
及时测量
距离 你问的邮局有多远
哦，他们可能会回答我想大约
五分钟 在这里
你说是的，但它有多少英里
，或者有多少公里或多少街区，他们
很少知道，或者他们很少说
有时希腊人甚至不
尝试指路
，因为游客很少
懂希腊语，
而是希腊人可能会动议 或者打
手势或者说跟我来，
然后那个人会带你穿过
城市的街道到
邮局 如果有人不知道
你关于
某个地方位置的问题
的答案 纽约人可能会说对不起 我不知道
想法并迅速走开，
但在墨西哥尤卡坦半岛没有多少居民
回答我不知道
尤卡坦半岛的人可能认为
我不知道的快速是不礼貌的，
他们可能会留下来和你交谈
，通常 他们有时会尝试给出
一个错误的答案
没有良好方向感的游客
可能会在这个南部地区迷失方向
在
日本、美国、希腊、墨西哥或
任何其他
你可能不了解的地方，有一件事会帮助你 一个人的
话，但您可能可以
理解肢体语言，例如面部
表情，手势动作等，
他或她通常会转身，然后将
他或她的手指指向特定
方向
朝那个方向走，您会发现
邮局可能是其中的
一部分
-2 社区
法律 法律是针对人和
社区
的规则，例如
，在世界上每个国家和文化中，都有
针对严重罪行的法律 谋杀 抢劫
对人的暴力等
这些法律是有道理的，它们
对于社区的安全和健康是必要的
另一方面，为了良好的人际关系和社区，它们可能在世界各地都相似，但许多法律和规则
不同 呃从一个国家到另一个国家，
从一个地区到另一个地区，甚至从一个社区到另一个社区
，这种多样性的一些常见例子
是关于驾驶
饮酒饮食吸烟购物金钱
的法律以及许多其他人的权利，
例如秘鲁利马的法律诉讼
可能是违法的 在韩国首尔
，亚洲社区的非法活动
在欧洲城市可能是完全合法的，
另一方面，法律
在不同国家可能相同，但在
同一国家的不同城市或州有所不同，
每个国家都有交通规则和
标志，但 它们
在大多数国家都一样吗？ 有街道和
道路标志，上面有关于
位置方向的信息。 转弯和
其他程序，
但是具体的当地交通法规和
惯例通常与世界不同
，例如在日本 a 印度尼西亚
南非 英国和其他
国家的
方向盘在车辆的右侧
，汽车和卡车
在道路的左侧行驶
美国沙特阿拉伯台湾 意大利和
墨西哥的
方向盘在道路的左侧
车辆的左侧，汽车和卡车
在道路的右侧行驶
当地交通法的一个例子
是一些墨西哥城市的人行道和学校过路处
的规定 司机很少遵守规则，所以为了
安全，人们只在
红绿灯时过马路 交通很少
或只有行人的道路 横跨
宽阔
大道的桥梁 法规和习俗以及
人们生活的其他领域
一些社区
对合法和非法的个人
活动有很多规定，甚至饮酒和吸烟
，例如在
美国的大多数地方 没有 21 岁以下的人可以合法购买或
饮用酒精，
在某些社区甚至啤酒或葡萄酒是非法的
在公共街道上喝一罐啤酒 在汽车上放
一个敞开的酒精容器也是违法的，
同样在公共场所吸烟不再合法，
例如工作场所、
餐厅、机场以及
美国
境内、日本和其他国家/地区的航班上
一些穆斯林国家
有吸烟
的法定年龄
另一方面，所有吸烟
都违反宗教法
或
一开始的法律 大多数地方法律都有
明确的目的或理由，即使在
多年之后，这些相同的规定
似乎也很奇怪或不寻常 这里有
一些关于新西兰偏远地区人际关系的旧规则的例子
一个
有很多姐妹的男人可以 拥有相同
数量的妻子
这种习俗如何合法
在某些印度，男人可以给
他的每个妻子家庭一个妹妹
社区 如果
年轻男女
在公共汽车或火车站握手或不牵手是违法的，
他们必须支付昂贵的
罚款
中国一些城镇的法律
不允许男人给女人一只鸡
吃饭的时候腿他可以给她其他的
鸡肉部分，但不能给她腿
，在美国的怀俄明州和怀俄明州，
已婚男人不能
单独露营，也不能和朋友一起露营，他必须带着妻子
这些旧法律可能仍然存在
实际上，但没有多少人跟随他们
第五课家庭和家庭
第1
部分改变家庭的简短历史
过去对家庭的定义
就像社区家庭是一个
社会机构
很久以前人类生活在松散
相关的群体中
每个群体都有一个共同的 祖先是
来自遥远过去的家庭成员，
但一
千年以来，世界上有两种主要类型的
家庭，
扩展家庭和核心家庭，扩展家庭可能包括
爷爷 租父母和孩子，
有时租叔叔和堂兄弟姐妹
，换句话说，就是住在
同一所房子里的亲戚，或者住在同
一条街道上或同一地区
的亲戚，相比之下，核心家庭
仅由父母及其
与血缘关系或收养的孩子组成，
因为 在 19 世纪的工业化进程中，
核心家庭
成为最常见的家庭结构
当今的家庭
类型 全球有许多不同类型的
家庭，有些人
生活在传统家庭中，
也就是说，全职妈妈和工作
父亲和他们自己的亲生孩子
其他人住下来以支付薪水
父母双方都在外工作
有许多单亲家庭，
换句话说，只有母亲或父亲
与孩子一起生活
还有一些人有成人的收养或寄养
家庭 照顾在
生物学上不是他们或
混合家庭的孩子，换句话说，离婚
或丧偶的男人和女人 n 再次结婚并
与他们
之前或之前婚姻中的
孩子一起生活 有些孩子的继父母是
母亲或父亲的继父母，而在其他家庭中，他们是通过婚姻而不是生物学关系与他们相关的
一些
18 岁以下的年轻人必须自己照顾
孩子 或者他们的
弟弟妹妹
在世界不同的国家
也有同性伴侣
有或没有孩子
无子女婚姻未婚同居
关系公共生活团体等等
20世纪初
是什么导致了这里的结构发生
了变化
是西方世界的一个例子，
在 1900 年代初期，美国
的离婚率（即
法定结局与婚姻数量的百分比）
开始上升，而出生率（
即每十万人的出生人数）
开始上升
换句话说，夫妻
结婚的时间减少了，她们
的孩子也减少
了，女性通常选择生育 十年后
，
在其他
工业化国家和
发展中国家
以及 1930 年代和 1940 年代，1930 年代和 1940 年代
的几十年都是艰难的十年，十年后，同样的事情开始发生
在其他工业化国家和发展中国家。
在发展中国家和发展中国家，
许多家庭面临严重的经济
问题，因为家庭户主
在第二次世界大战期间失去了工作 1939 年至 19.45 年，
数以百万计的妇女不得不
独自照顾自己的家庭和孩子，
因为有如此多的男人在战争中
成千上万的这些战争寡妇
也就是说，丈夫在外
打仗的妇女不得不外出工作
大多数妇女长时间从事艰苦的
工作
与上一代相比，离婚少、结婚年龄小
、孩子多的地方
有足够的钱来
养家糊口，所以母亲很少在
孩子还小的
时候在
外面工作 与许多其他国家一样，
在 1960 年左右到 20
世纪末之间的 20 世纪末，但是
从 1960 年代到 1990 年代，全球家庭结构发生了许多新变化
。 20世纪末21世纪初，一些经济体的年轻人，西方世界大幅
增加，出生率下降了
一半，单亲家庭
数量上升，
未婚同居的夫妻数量增加得
更多。
班级开始与
父母住得更久，结婚更晚
，孩子年龄更大，如果
未来的家庭
现在很多人都喜欢的话
传统的双亲家庭，
就是说他们希望一男一女
终生结婚，他们也认为男人
应该养家糊口，女人
应该留在家里带孩子，
但实际上现在很少有家庭属于这一
类 如果更多的女性决定自己生
孩子，
那么在许多国家，单亲家庭可能会
比传统家庭更典型
，
而且未婚夫妇可能会决定
生更多孩子，或者她们可能会
收养或收养孩子
，因为人们一直单身
并且经常作为寡妇活得更久 未来
可能会有更多的单人家庭
另一方面，有些人认为
类似的事件会在历史上一次又一次地发生，
如果这是真的，人们可能会回到
过去的传统大家庭或核心家庭
其他人 认为历史上唯一确定的
是变化，换句话说
，未来家庭的结构可能会
开始越来越快地发生变化，而且
越来越多 更多方式 第二
部分 与家人的过去和
现在 太阳正在升起 一个女人从
她简单的两居室家庭小屋地板上的草席上爬起来
她的丈夫和他们的四个孩子
还在席子
上睡着 还有另外五个孩子
这对夫妇把其中的两个交给了一个
工人太少的家庭，另外三个早就死
了 女人生火做饭时把山羊推到一边
男人和孩子起床
，女儿帮忙
做家务 儿子们去了 在外面
和他们的父亲一起下地干活
可以看到不远处的一座城堡
一家人在城堡主人的保护下生活
他们不是他的奴隶仆人 但
他们向他交税
没有上学所以他们无法
阅读 或者在漫长的工作日里在城市里写作或找工作
他们
只是为了吃饭而休息 偶尔他们会
去村中心 在那里他们
在晚上欢笑、交谈和玩游戏 公社的人 很多人
围着大火聚在一起，
他们讲述了
过去 800 多年前
，20 世纪上半叶，英国大多数家庭曾经以这种方式生活的故事
，日本家庭
比典型的美国家庭传统得多，
年轻人没有 甚至用来约会
换句话说，他们并没有像夫妻一样一起出去
，
而是他们包办了婚姻，
他们的父母选择了他们的丈夫或
妻子，
也许这对夫妇在结婚后坠入爱河
，也许他们没有任何
方式妻子有孩子 和
他们呆在家里，而丈夫
在经济上支持家庭
经常夫妻和他们的
孩子
在一个
拥挤的房子里
生活了三代人今天日本的生活与
许多其他工业化国家
的生活相似，许多女性都在工作 过去和今天，在
家庭之外，年轻人选择自己的
伴侣
，部分原因是
沙特文化与西方文化不同
伊斯兰教下的文化 女性
在公共场合应举止端庄，她们经常与
男性分开 女性在家庭中扮演重要角色
，通常被期望将
注意力集中在家庭
上 1960 年代，政府开始了
一项针对女孩的全国教育计划，
此后不久
今天所有女性都可以接受教育 几年前
，女性有更多有趣的工作机会
发生了一件可悲的事情
一位年轻的美国女性因职业原因离开了她的家庭
她因此搬家很
远 一位 36 岁的离异
父亲拥有监护权 他的两个孩子分别是
11 岁和 8 岁
他在服务员的工作时间很长，
包括
周末下班 他去
当地的社区大学
他正在学习以提高他的工作技能，
这样他就可以在晚上为家人赚更多的钱
他做到了 他和
孩子们在同一张桌子上做作业，
但
晚上当他们的父亲工作或
上学时，
他会照顾孩子们他的大家庭 他的母亲、
其他亲戚和他的新女友
尽可能地提供帮助
他认为他的女友来自
墨西哥 他的祖国对他的家人有好处
他不想和盎格鲁或
英国化的女人约会，因为他认为她们
重视自己的独立性 超过母性
他想要一个
像他母亲一样具有传统宗教价值观的妻子 第
6 课 世界文化
第 1 部分
跨文化对话
你想谈论文化 艾伦
以自豪的声音开始了对话
美国只有几百
岁
美国人不知道 “真的没有任何文化
我的意思是美国人很有趣，但
他们的文化为零
他用手做了标志
我同意你说的弗纳
他用手指指着艾伦
过去一千年的旧欧洲
现在这就是 伟大的文化
是建筑的时代宏伟的
历史悠久的大教堂和城堡很
漂亮
看到世界著名画家的作品是必不可少的
前几个世纪的雕塑家和雕塑家在我们优秀的
博物馆
中体验我们的
古典文学和音乐
你知道我们不把短短的
千年称为文化
历史真正的文化开端我的意思是
重要的文明
在 5000 多年前的中东和非洲
他继续在空中挥舞着双手
古代社区不仅知道如何
创造宏伟 建筑和艺术
他们还做出了惊人的科学和
技术发现
他们发明了一些东西
例如他们知道如何
写作和做数学
他们研究天文学
天空的科学 太阳和行星
他们发明了日历
他们甚至有
药物 古代宗教来了 他们在这
方面
的成就也使世界
文明 可能
那些文明给了
人类最有意义的文化遗产
可能会同意卡米尔的
声音，她补充道，
但真正重要的科学
技术开始在亚洲和美洲发展，
而古代中国人正在建造
他们的围墙城市 组织了第一批
政府
发明了工作工具和保护武器
，美洲原住民
拥有非常古老的文明和
社会
，这是古老的传统文化
古老的文化定义上的矛盾
卡琳笑着以热情
友好的方式反对
她给出了截然不同的意见
文化不可能是古老的或
传统的她认为相反的是
真正的文化并没有死它是活着的
文化是现代文化现在
健二开始入睡但
突然他完全清醒
我同意他说热情地打断凯伦
你告诉他们 说凯伦
感谢支持 对于她强调的观点
，她用力地点点头，
文化是世界性的，它是普遍的
kenji 以他清晰的说话
风格继续
我会在他的脸上微笑
我的意思是就像今天的饮食文化
和我们的全球快餐一样我不得不说
每个人都吃同样的东西
因为全世界的媒体
电影 电视 CD 光盘 互联网
每个人都知道 相同的信息
播放相同的音乐 喜欢相同的
故事 甚至是
笑话 我的意思是这就像世界各地的人都
想买相同的衣服 都是
因为宣传
一对美丽的年轻夫妇 穿着牛仔裤和
鲜艳的夏威夷衬衫在世界任何地方
与来自许多国家的朋友一起吃汉堡包和炸薯条
最终我们拥有了全球文化和
传统与它无关
Nadia 但是
你想称之为现代电影的另一种观点音乐
食物和 服装文化
她甜言蜜语但令人信服地说
那些东西不能描述文化
文化不是关于人们的相同性
世界各地的社区
这是关于他们的差异的，
就像人们以各种方式互相打招呼很重要
，他们
需要使用不同的头衔并
在他们的关系中遵循各种社会规则
一些社会是正式的，
而另一些社会是非正式的或随意
的 友好而其他
人不是
，另一个例子是语言的多样化使用
是直接还是间接的
沟通方式如何包括
动作手势面部表情和
其他肢体语言
和习俗非常有趣，
它们是不同
国家群体的人在他们的生活中所做的
日常生活和特殊场合，如
假期或庆祝活动
文化意味着文化多样性
让生活变得有趣的是
世界各地的文化多样性 其
矛盾和
对立面 是的，艾伦尽可能礼貌地做出贡献
另一方面，他开始说这
确实使 某种感觉打断了 Verner
，只要你 d 就开始微笑
别忘了艺术 建筑 绘画
文学
音乐 如果你还包括古代
文明和传统
卡米尔 脸上带着愉快的表情
他不喜欢与纳迪亚或
他的任何女性
朋友相矛盾 我们当然可以得出相反的
观点 凯伦，但我们
仍然喜欢交流想法，
每个人都面带微笑，他们想
谈更多
关于世界文化
的第 2 部分线索 一位爱尔兰妇女正在访问
拉丁美洲城市的旅游景点，当时她
头疼得厉害，
她知道自己吃什么药 需要所以她
去了当地的一家
药店 当她进来时，药剂师正在等候另一位
顾客 爱尔兰
妇女站在那里时耐心地等待轮到她
他没有和爱尔兰女人打招呼的新人他从来没有
说过我会在一分钟内和你在一起，
大约 20 分钟后，那个女人
可以 再也忍受不了她的
头疼了嘿我来了好久
她大声说非常生气和
侮辱
为什么每个人都不理我我也需要
服务
她粗鲁地大喊
一个中东商人和他的
兄弟邀请了一个美国人 客人到
他们家吃
晚饭，美国人准时到达那里，
享受有趣的谈话，
茶和注意力，
但随着时间的推移，他变得非常非常
饿，
最后他礼貌地对主人低声说
对不起，但我们
当然要吃晚饭 回答他的主人
我们通常在九点左右供应晚餐
，当我们有客人时，我们
喜欢在晚餐前在餐桌上进行长时间的交谈，
一切都很
美味，饥饿的美国客人
吃得很快，
他清空了盘子，主人放了
更多食物
当他第二次清理他的剧本
时，主持人在他吃
了几盘食物后给了他更多，他
不能再吃
他要爆裂了，
拜托了 请不要再给
我食物他求他们
我吃完了这个盘子里的食物但我
不能再吃一口
即使他的主人
坚持让客人多接受一点并且
吃得很困难最后
晚餐的菜被移走了
大约在午夜时分有更多的茶和咖啡的谈话服务员带来了
一罐
冰水疲倦的美国人知道可以
感谢他的主人并离开
一群国际
学生在欧洲上大学
他们在学期之间有很长的时间
为了
旅行，
他们决定在其他
国家尽可能多地搭便车 他们成功
了 伸出大拇指或
向后指点 微笑 友好的司机
在第一个旅行者得到
他示意的司机的肯定回答后立即停下来
他的手或手指让他的朋友
来，或者他举起两个拇指做一个
好的手势，或者用
拇指和一只手的下一个手指做一个圆圈
年轻的旅行 省钱的人看到了
很多乡村，并在希腊和土耳其进行了有趣的
对话和体验
，
游客就
没有那么幸运了
似乎几乎被侮辱
了游客乞求
乘车一些司机
对旅行者大喊大叫 - 甚至从他们的
卡车上开始
打架学生认为司机
非常粗鲁
他们感到困惑几天后害怕和不受欢迎
学生
乘公共汽车回到他们学习的国家
第七课长寿
第1
部分长寿的秘密
介绍
世界上有几个地方以
长寿的人而闻名
这些地方通常是 即使在
远离现代城市的山区
，医生科学家和
公共卫生专家也经常前往这些
地区解决问题 健康长寿
的奥秘 专家们希望将长寿
的秘诀带给现代世界
喜马拉雅山脉的斧头 浣熊斧头在亚洲喜马拉雅山脉
的高海拔
地区
100 岁以上的人很多 90 岁的
男性仍然是新父亲
，50 岁的女性仍然有孩子
身体健康的原因是什么
科学家认为
罕萨人具有这三个主要
优点或好处
一个健康无污染的
环境 清洁的空气和水
，简单的饮食，富含维生素纤维
和营养，但脂肪胆固醇
和非天然化学物质含量低，
以及
通常在田间或与
动物一起进行
的三项体力劳动和其他活动。俄罗斯高加索
人和俄罗斯高加索山脉的比尔卡班巴
人 也以
长寿而闻名
官方出生记录不可
用，但社区说一个
叫 serba l 的女人 一直活到 160 岁
同样，一个叫 Sher Ali 的人可能
活到了 168 岁，而且他的遗孀总体上已经
120 岁
了，人们不仅寿命
长，而且活得很好
，换句话说，他们几乎从不
生病，
而且死后他们不会 不仅
有自己的牙齿，而且还有
一头浓密的头发和良好的视力太
维尔卡班巴厄瓜多尔是另一个
以其居民长寿而闻名的
地区这个山区就像胡斯一样 -
高加索地区也位于
远离城市的高海拔地区
在维尔卡班巴 - 很少有
严重的疾病，
人们身体健康的一个原因
可能是清洁美丽的
环境另一个优势是
气候温和
，全年温度约为华氏70度，
而且风总是
来自同一个
方向 此外，水来自
山间溪流，富含矿物质，
这可能是由于这种宝贵的
资源，该地区水流丰富 ers
水果 蔬菜和野生动物
在某些方面异常长寿的人的饮食差异
这三个地区的居民的饮食
差异很大
谁知道 coot 主要吃生蔬菜
水果尤其是杏子和
薄饼 一种煎饼 他们只吃肉
一年几次
相比之下，高加索人的饮食
主要包括牛奶奶酪蔬菜水果
和肉类那里的大多数人
每天都喝当地的红酒在维尔卡班巴
人们每周只吃少量的肉
他们的饮食主要包括
谷物玉米豆土豆和 水果
即便如此 专家在厄瓜多尔山区发现了一个令人惊讶的
事实
那里的大多数人，即使是很老的人 也
喝很多咖啡 喝大量
酒，每天抽 40 到 60
支烟
饮食相似，
但三个地区的典型饮食
相似 三种一般方式
1 水果和蔬菜
是纯天然的，即它们不含
防腐剂或 其他化学物质
——此外，人们使用
传统草药和药物来
预防和治疗疾病
3 居民消耗的
卡路里比世界其他地区的人少
一个典型的北美人
每天平均吃喝 30 300 卡路里
这些
山区的热量在 1700
到 2000 卡路里之间
其他可能的健康长寿原因
这三个地区的居民
除了山区环境之外，还有更多的共同点，
因为他们生活在农村，而且
他们远离现代城市和低热量的天然饮食。 大多数农民 他们的生活很
辛苦，而且非常活跃，
因此他们不需要尝试
锻炼
，此外，人们
似乎没有快速城市工作和娱乐的压力，
因此人们的生活
相对没有忧虑
，因此也不会生病或生病。 其他健康
问题，
因此一些专家认为，身体
运动和无压力的环境
可能是长寿的两个最重要的秘诀
在这些长寿社区中生活的额外健康优势可能
是大家庭结构 该群体
从出生到死亡都照顾其
成员 长寿声明的有效性
然而，一些医生
认为，特别长寿的
人群只有一个
共同点，他们没有有效的
政府官方出生记录。
达到 110 多岁
左右
因此他们说
某些群体的异常长寿的说法可能是
错误的
第八课媒体和娱乐
第 1 部分
视觉媒体如何影响人们
介绍视觉
媒体的好处
电视和其他 视觉
媒体影响
着全球个人和家庭的生活
媒体非常有帮助 对于
那些仔细选择
他们观看的
节目的人及其孩子，在各个研究领域提供高质量的节目
科学医学自然
历史艺术等电视
录像带和 DVD 增加
了普通人和受过良好教育的人的知识，
他们也可以提高 思维能力
电视和其他视觉
媒体使不能
经常外出的老年人以及
医院的病人和护理
机构
的居民受益
白天或晚上的时间
，当然视觉媒体可以为
几乎每个人提供良好的娱乐方式
一种愉快的方式来放松和在家度过空闲
时间
媒体取代了其他活动
然而，视觉媒体有几个严重的
缺点
首先有些人看管
一天中的时间比他们在大量家庭电视中所做的
任何其他事情都
多
一个家庭中多达 5 台或更多台
设备 总是有
很多人每天看几个小时的电视，
或者花几个小时玩游戏或
在电脑上上网
他们下载音乐电影和其他
形式的娱乐，
而不是花时间照顾
他们 孩子的父母经常将视频
屏幕用作电子保姆
，因此电视和视频
很容易取代家庭交流
以及身体活动和其他
兴趣
电视对大脑的影响
第二太多 电视尤其
是低教育价值的节目会
降低人们的 集中注意力
或推理
的能力 事实上 研究表明，在仅仅
一两分钟的视觉媒体之后，一个人的
大脑就会像浅睡时一样放松
电视
和录像带对人脑的另一个可能影响是
沟通不畅
可能会
失去专注于一个主题或
一项教育活动超过 10
到 15 分钟的能力
是因为视觉媒体
导致一些儿童和成人患上
注意力缺陷障碍 ad D 一种现代
情况，人们无法
集中注意力 听从
指示或记住日常事物
媒体暴力的影响
第三个负面特征 媒体是
新闻和电影中的真实事件
或电视节目中的屏幕上的暴力数量 它会吓到
人们并给他们带来可怕的
噩梦
媒体图像和语言造成的恐惧
会持续很长时间
另一方面，频繁的观众 的
动作编程习惯了它的
信息，他们可能开始相信
暴力犯罪、打架、杀戮和
其他可怕事件并没有什么奇怪或不寻常的地方，而行为
研究表明，某些人格
类型在经历某些类型的事件后可能会产生强烈的
情绪反应或危险的
想法
娱乐
他们甚至可以复制他们
在暴力节目中看到的行为 引发火灾
和我们 电子武器以愤怒
或危险的方式攻击人们，甚至更糟糕的
是，由于视觉媒体，他们对正常生活的不满 有些人
可能会对这些观众的
现实生活感到不满 日常生活
似乎不像电影中演员扮演的角色那么令人兴奋
或电视剧，
他们意识到他们没有
喜剧明星那么有趣，
而且生活正常的普通人
可能会羡慕
那些似乎获得无限
金钱和关注的著名媒体人物，
媒体观察者可能会
在他们可以时感到沮丧' 不关心
现实生活中的情况，电视明星似乎
在屏幕上注意到演员
在我们或半小时的
节目或 20 秒的广告中解决严重问题
厌倦了现实生活
现代电视的另一个负面特征
被称为 垃圾电视
这些每日脱口秀节目将
具有奇怪或不道德生活
个性或行为的真实人物带到
数百万观众的屏幕上 包括孩子们
观看这些即时明星讲述他们
最私人的秘密时大声说出他们的
愤怒情绪和观点并互相攻击
电视观众似乎喜欢这种节目的情感
氛围和兴奋
以及
真实但可怕的故事的紧张感 电视新闻
杂志显示
这种娱乐的更新版本
被称为真人
秀节目，如幸存者、惊人的种族
美国偶像和学徒
真人争夺注意力名声和
其他奖励
频繁观看
此类节目对人们的
生活有何影响？ 使电视比
现实更真实，正常生活开始变得
无聊
媒体成瘾的缺点
最终所有这些视觉媒体的最负面影响
可能是
成瘾
人们经常感到一种奇怪而强烈的
需要看电视
下载视觉材料或播放
即使他们不喜欢 DVD 或
没有空闲时间娱乐
对电视或电脑屏幕上瘾
类似于吸毒或酒精依赖
上瘾者几乎从不相信自己
上瘾，
即使如此真实的媒体上瘾者必须
对其中许多问题回答是
学校或工作
你是否观看了很多
不需要集中注意力或思考
能力的节目
你能否一次只专注于另一个话题或
活动 10 到 15 分钟
你是否喜欢媒体的行动和
暴力而不是你自己的活动
生活 你是否羡慕
电视名人或银幕名人或
真人秀节目的参与者的生活
你是否觉得与电视上的人
比你自己的家人和
朋友更亲近
因为你是电视或视频最简单的，
因此 最好的放松或
娱乐
方式 你会拒绝为了一百万美元而放弃
看电视和上网
吗 你想参加电视
真人秀节目吗 更多 第二
部分
媒体
故事情节 一个
在房地产办公室工作的马里恩
对她的生活感到沮丧，尤其是
她不愉快的爱情关系，
因为她感觉不舒服，她的
主管让她早点离开，
他给了她 40,000 美元的
房屋出售现金 在回家的路上把钱存入银行
然而诱惑使这位
喜怒无常的年轻
女子把钱装在一个信封里
她收拾好行李，
在一条黑暗孤独的道路上开车出城 一场严重的
雷暴迫使她在
破旧的贝茨停下来 汽车旅馆
汽车旅馆后面的一座小山上有一座可怕的
老房子，窗边摇椅上的老妇人形象
汽车旅馆老板诺曼贝茨很高兴
为客人签到，但他的母亲
在谈话后对他大喊大叫 和诺曼·马里恩
一起去她的房间，
当她洗澡时，浴室的
门
在一个非常著名的血腥谋杀
场景中打开，一个老妇人的影子
拉开浴帘，
刺死汽车旅馆的客人
吓坏了 诺曼德打扫房间
把玛丽安的尸体放在她的车里 把她的车推
到沼泽里
她用偷来的钱 玛丽安的姐姐
情人和老板派了一名调查
员 最终到达贝茨汽车旅馆
怀疑诺曼奇怪
行为调查员进入可怕的
房子，楼梯顶部的一个老妇人的黑色形状
也用一把长刀杀死了他
其他人
在许多悬疑的场景后来调查他们
发现诺曼的母亲是一个
骷髅
在旧的凶手 女人的衣服
是诺曼·贝茨本人，在一场飓风将他们的船从非洲海岸沉没之后，诺曼·贝茨本人
越来越多地变成了他的母亲
故事情节 B
一只最大的类人
猴子大猩猩发现婴儿带他回家见
她的伴侣并
在丛林
中抚养无助的人类作为结果 他在自然猿群落中长大成人，
然而这个年轻人
在丛林中的平静生活很快就改变了
，开始在自然环境中研究非洲野生动物
他们认为他是
一个介于动物
和人类之间的缺失环节，
因此当他开始对在丛林中长大的人简感到奇怪的陌生情绪时，他们惊讶地
发现他和他们一样是人类
非常
困惑，
他想和自己的同类在一起，但
不想离开
抚养他长大的大猩猩家庭，特别是因为克莱顿
认为猿不是朋友，而是
当珍不得不和她的父亲离开时，
猿人是猎杀的动物 非常伤心和沮丧，
即使他在白人被捕时救了
他们，简和
他在一起，在丛林
故事情节中
看到星际飞船企业成为苍蝇
以惊人的速度前往其他星系的飞行器
在空间站停下
来
修理四光束 ARS 具有
计算机化大脑的正在进行
维护的生物似乎
突然担心他们意识到这艘船
即将爆炸一个命令撤离
除了船长皮卡德之外所有人都离开了
瑞克是第二个
指挥官，
在其他人到达
星际基地后没有听到警报 空间站 问题
神秘地自行纠正，
飞船消失了 他的助手
发现发生了什么事，
他们立即将自己运送
到桥上，在那里他们发现 B NARS
昏迷不醒并寻求
帮助 船到达巴纳拉斯 光束 我们的
星球，
因为一颗爆炸的恒星
摧毁了行星中心计算机
巴纳拉斯也死
了 光束 我们需要企业
在关闭期间存储来自地球的数据
Pica rd 和 Riker
设法进入 Banaras 文件并
重新启动计算机
我们的光束
完好无损 船返回
Starbase
故事情节 D
这是 19 世纪中叶 一个
非常浪漫的荣誉和激情时期
Mathilda Penny Oliver 埃伯里·斯坦是
贵族 贵族中的一员
社会上最富有的有权势阶层
她爱上了一个迟钝的敌人 索利斯
一个没有财富的军人
玛蒂尔达相信她善良的父亲
会让她嫁给她的真爱
母亲
以强大的关系反对
她把阿道夫送进监狱
撒谎她告诉她的女儿，一个愚蠢的
敌人已经结婚生子，
因为他们的家庭正面临
破产。
做她的女婿
困惑和绝望 玛蒂尔达嫁给
曼努埃尔
很快阿道夫
在疯狂的紧张搜查后逃离监狱，他找到了
马特 伊尔达
冒充新的牧场管理员，他
承认她的丈夫是一个诚实、公平
和正派的
人，此时曼努埃尔和玛蒂尔达
发现了奥古斯特在他们的婚姻中的欺骗，
但与此同时，玛蒂尔达
对阿道夫的感情开始消失，
她开始爱上
曼努埃尔
伤心欲绝的阿道夫接受现实并
离开牧场
玛蒂尔达宣布她怀孕了，
但要继续
第九课 社交生活
第 1
部分 与完美伴侣会面
上个月我一直在上一
门名为社会结构的大学研究生课程
受欢迎的课程
我们一直在讨论友谊 社交
生活 世代相传和世界各地的约会 婚姻和其他
关系
我们的任务之一是研究
人们结识潜在配偶的方式
丈夫和妻子
我
整个星期都在校园里采访学生 我学习的一部分 我对
我第一次听到的内容感到惊讶
我和我的室友交谈 在
宿舍
Musha 一个来自印度的国际学生
遇到可能的伴侣的一种方法是什么
我问她
很好 她说在我的
国家有一种方法是包办婚姻
我问
我知道你可以将领带与衬衫
或袜子搭配 在你洗完衣服之后，
他们是一对，但人们
肯定她回答
说这些天仍然有包办婚姻，
而且不久前还有很多
，例如我的父母
在他们的婚礼那天第一次见面
我的祖父母 选择他们的孩子
配偶并安排婚礼
你的意思是新娘和
新郎没有恋爱这听起来很糟糕
他们是不是担心
也许穆沙说的有点但他们
接受了对方
然后幸运的是他们学会了彼此
相爱他们
在过去的 30 年里，
我们的婚姻很
成功
我摇了摇头 我
说我采访的下一个人是
比尔 一个在我的商业管理
课上的人
我在舞蹈俱乐部遇到了很多女人
至少我以前曾经
他
说环境令人兴奋而且我过去
每个周末都会去 可以跳舞
或说话或只听
看起来很棒的音乐我说过
我也这么认为一开始他
有点难过但另一方面
这些地方的音乐非常响亮
很多人喝了所以他们不说话
他们大喊大叫 并没有听
太多男人和女人都变得有点
咄咄逼人
而且它是如此混乱所以我一直在
尝试快速约会而不是酒吧和
俱乐部
我到底是什么让我很
惊讶你去了一个不错的地方 有了桌子
和椅子，你
每六分钟
就可以见到一个新人，然后你列出你想再次见到的人
它是否有效
不，这对我来说太快了我
行动不那么快而且我不是一个快速
思考者或 说话者要么
你知道你应该和我的兄弟谈谈 她的
Freddie 在这里 你可以通过快速拨号找到他
朋友们在你的电脑上上网 我
问 不再那么惊讶了
在家工作和学校的任何地方
图书馆的咖啡馆 你可以进入
聊天室并通过
打字来交谈
无论如何，设备，嗯，谁知道那里是真实的
，什么不是，谁知道像谁
可能是危险的，
他继续开始听起来有点
气馁
，似乎他在说话 对自己
多于对
我感谢他们，我们说再见，所以
我可以继续寻找
寻找完美伴侣
的完美方式互联网从未说过朱莉是
在校园书店兼职的学生
我更喜欢结交新朋友 例如，
在人们有相同兴趣的地方，
我在健身俱乐部遇到了我的男朋友
，似乎
健身房的健康氛围一直延续到
我和他的关系中，
我们一起锻炼，在
游泳池和热水浴缸里闲逛 去健康食品
果汁吧等等那里有很多
活跃的有吸引力的人
嗯也许你应该尝试
一下听起来很棒我说
是的朱莉说我想是的但
老实说这种安排有一个问题
我问
的是真相 是我真的讨厌
锻炼，所以我不想再去
健身房了
，当我男朋友发现这要继续时，他会怎么想？
第 2 部分
需要完美的伴侣，第 2 部分
是什么 结识完美丈夫或妻子的最佳方式
计算机约会服务就是答案
我的朋友莎拉住在我宿舍楼下的大厅里
他们提供了结识人的好方法
最大的优势是您
与人有很多共同点 你
通过
电脑见面 电脑可以为你匹配与
你相同智力的人
文化背景或宗教 年龄
个性价值观等等
如果你愿意 你可以结识
名人 令人兴奋 乐观 健康
礼貌 任何
对你很重要的特征
你可以 符合你的喜好和
生活方式 食物 自然 体育电影和
其他
一切 你可以要求教授
科学家 计算机专家
艺术家 或者到目前为止你有很多成功的
约会 我
要求说实话 她说不是 我
想我做了一个 填写申请表时犯了一个大错误我
不想错过一个很棒的人因为
答案太具体所以我很
小心 ul 写非常笼统的答案
你的意思是什么
有一个关于身高的问题
我说任何人在三英尺五
英寸和七英尺五英寸之间
然后有一个关于娱乐的问题
我对
从经典历史建筑到
摩托车的 147 个兴趣回答是
写了我喜欢网球 游泳
海滩 山 沙漠 健康
食品 垃圾食品 民族食品 外出就餐
烹饪 呆在家里 旅行 艺术
电视喜剧 智力竞赛节目 犯罪剧
家庭生活 单身生活
等等 你知道 我认为
电脑得到了 很困惑
，自从我提交申请以来，它还没有找到适合
我的约会对象。在线视频约会问
萨拉的室友桑德拉
在线视频约会我问这怎么
可能？
我听说你拍摄自己并
谈论你自己你知道你的
背景 以及您的兴趣和
类似的事情，
然后您将视频发布到网上，
人们可以观看它，您可以观看
其他人的视频和 给
你想见的人发电子邮件 嗯，我回答
了我生活中的更多视频，
你可以放一个个人广告
Sandra 继续
在报纸
上说我的一个朋友确实说过他
想结婚，所以他通过统计数据弄清楚了，
他决定了 他喜欢的女人每10个中就有1个他
喜欢的
女人中的每10个他
可能会爱上一个因此
结婚他只需要遇到100个
女人就行了我问
没有答案
最后我在自助餐厅采访了一个男人
他的名字是 Felix
超市 他告诉我
你在开玩笑 我
说不 我是认真的 我
在方便食品区的冷冻比萨饼上遇到了很多潜在的约会
而且很容易
就
农产品中的卷心菜和西兰花闲聊
我们讨论化学品、营养和
食品价格的部分 有时这会导致一个
非常浪漫的约会
我慢慢摇头 很奇怪
很奇怪
我没有回应因为我不想
在
那天晚上变得不礼貌 我谈了 和我的室友
OSHA
你知道我说我想也许你的
父母和祖父母有一个
不错的主意 包办婚姻
开始对我越来越
有吸引力 第
10 课 体育
第 1
部分 古代奥运会
在一个饱受政治冲突困扰的世界里
奥运会在其历史上一直
象征着和平与团结
古希腊奥运会的青年
运动员
以他们的速度和
协调
性的表现来向众神
致敬 奥运会随着
时间的推移发生了变化 你可能会惊讶地发现
，根据历史学家的说法，
原始
奥运会与现代奥运会有许多相似之处
这里有两篇文章将
过去几千年的
奥运会与广为人知
的 21 世纪奥运会进行比较
世纪奥林匹克赛事雅典希腊
公元四世纪
随着我们最伟大的民族
节日再次结束，这里
是它的一些亮点和
自公元前 776 年以来的历史 我们的夏季奥运会
像往常一样每四年在奥林匹斯山上的统治者宙斯的圣地举行一次，今年的奥运会开始于
运动员和
评委对
宙斯的公平承诺 在伟大神的雕像和祭坛前举行了仪式
为年轻男孩
举办了比赛
项目 五项全能 5 田径项目
包括铁饼
标枪 跳远 跑步和摔跤
拳击 四马战车
赛马和
摔跤和
拳击的极端结合 满月
祭祀众神之王
在第五天和最后一天，奖品被
授予由
圣所特殊橄榄树枝制成的花圈
获胜者获得了有价值的奖品
有更多的盛宴，等到
获胜者
之后，参赛者和观众
大多是徒步穿越山区回家
奥运会的女性
大多数参加今年比赛的运动员
当然是年轻男性，
即使未婚女孩也参加比赛 在
赫拉宙斯的妻子节上的步行比赛中，在宙斯节
上也有观众，
获胜的战车队的主人
和获胜的马的驯马师
是女性，
另一方面，已婚妇女
不允许参加比赛。 宙斯的避难所
他们不想被抛下
悬崖 所以没有人打破这条规则
在我看来奥运会的政治 奥运会最重要的
成就
是它的和平不仅在
比赛中而且在所有的
当然，希腊世界的实际赛事只有
短短的五天时间，即使在
比赛前后的三个月里，
也有一项保护旅行的协议
因此，尽管在其长达一千年的悠久历史中也有例外，但通常不会
在竞争城市之间或相互竞争的城市之间发生战斗，
即使在
重大战争时期，古代奥运会也从未因政治原因
而取消 一千年以来的和平事业，
你