Plural nouns in English. Now we do actually have rules for these. But there’s a trick,
there’s a catch, there always is in English pronunciation. We’ll get to that.
A noun in English is made plural when we add an S or ES to the end of the word.
Guess what - this is the third person conjugation of verbs too. So everything you learn here for
the pronunciation plural nouns also applies to the 3rd person conjugation. Yay! Two for one!
For S, we add a letter and a sound. Cat becomes cats. Dog becomes dogs. But listen: catsssssss,
dogzzzzzz, two different pronunciations of that plural S. But then with certain words,
like ‘beach’, the plural is an -es and it’s an extra syllable, beaches. BEACH-iz, iz, iz.
When to use which pronunciation? And what’s the trick I told you about at the beginning?
Use the ‘s’ sound, like ‘cat’ becoming‘cats’, if the final sound of the noun is p, t, k, f, or th.
Did you notice what all of those sounds have in common? p, t, k, f, th.
They’re all unvoiced. There’s no vibration in my vocal cords making that happen. [ð] --
that’s a voiced th. Th. these are all unvoiced. The S is also unvoiced. So is also unvoiced
so the unvoiced S pronunciation goes with these unvoiced sounds.
Cats, ships, books, coughs. Now look there, the final letter was an H and that’s not in
our list. But we’re talking final sounds. And the final sound of ‘cough’ is F. Cough,
coughs. “There were quite a few coughs in the audience, but I think we got a
good recording of the concert.” And finally, the unvoiced TH, like in ‘paths’. Paths.
THS is a tricky combination and one that I get questions about quite a bit. Ths, ths.
Tongue tip just out to tongue tip just in. For the S the tongue tip can be pointing down or up, I
find it feels more natural to point down, ths,ths. One of the most common plural nouns THS ending is
months, and good news, it has a shortcut. Instead of saying ‘months’, most native speakers change
that TH to a T and say ‘months’. He’s six months old. “Months”. A little easier than ths.
Cough is a noun or a verb. Third person conjugation,
coughs. He coughs a lot. Remember, the third person conjugation follows the same rule.
So since the verb ends in F, this S is unvoiced sss. Coughs.
One final thing to say about case 1: Next words. If the next word begins with an S,
you’re just making 1 S sound to link there. For example, the students sit here.
Students sit, students sit. 1 S to link to connect those words.
If the next word begins with a Z, that beginning sound takes over the plural
and we more or less drop the S sound. For example, the cats zipped around the house. Cats
zipped become ‘cazipped’, just link with the 1 z sound.
Ok, case 1, done. Case 2 is where it gets a little tricky with our habits.
Before we get into that, I want to call your attention to a new YouTube feature,
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In case two, the final sound is any vowel or diphthong,
or one of these consonants, and that plural is pronounced as a Z sound.
So let’s take ‘chairs’ as our example, “chairz.” Ending sound is a Z. Do you hear that? The
vocal cords vibrate, making the difference between Z and S. I’ll alternate for you:
sss,zzz, sss,zzz sss,zzz.
So this ending here, in case 2 is a Z, zzz. Chairzzz.
Except we don’t actually pronounce it that way. It’s written in IPA with the Z sound,
and yet it’s not really a Z sound. Let’s explore. I’m using a voice recording app on my phone.
I’ve recorded the word ‘chair’ with a clear, strong Z sound, chairzz, also a clear, strong
S sound, chairss. Both sound unnatural, then I’ve recorded it the way we say it: chairs.
Now what we see here, these blue lines,
are the pitch. The note of the vibration of my vocal cords. When a sound is unvoiced like sssss,
you don’t see any blue line. But if we see a blue line, it’s voiced, it’s zzz, a z.
This first one here is me saying ‘chairz’ with an exaggerated z sound, zz,zz,
a really strong clear z. Let’s listen.
And if I bring my cursor here to the very end of
that line of pitch right here and I play it, you’ll see that there’s not really any sound.
So there’s no S there ending. Now, in this next one I really exaggerated the S sound.
Chairs
So we would not say it that really strongly. Let me bring the cursor back here
to the end of the vocal vibration and let’s see, do we hear an S?
Definitely, we hear a clear S.
So, when I exaggerate the S,
we can definitely hear it and see that there is no vocal cord vibration.
Okay now, the 3rd time I’ve recorded me saying chairs the way that it’s
more normal in conversational to say it, let’s listen.
So the question is: Does that ending sound have a Z quality or is it an S quality? Do we have
an S sound with no voice in it? Let’s see.
Yeah we do. It’s super fast though isn’t it? It’s not sss. That was s,s,s.
So fast so weak but definitely not a z, that’s an s, a short quick S. That’s the weak ending Z.
So the way we actually pronounce case 2, S as [z] sound, is really an S, but a weak S,
not a full S. Case 1, plurals are pronounced as an S,
you make a clear S. Case 2, plurals are pronounced as a Z, but you make a WEAK S. Confusing,
but true. The voiced ending Z sound is weak. So weak that it sounds like a weak S.
By making the S really weak, it sounds like a Z in these endings. I know. It’s crazy.
Let me just say a few of these plurals for you. Notice you’re not hearing zzz,
a strong Z or Ss, a strong S.
Windows.
Foods.
Rooms.
The ending is: [weak s] A very weak without much hearing it.
So where does that leave us with case 3? We’ll get to that in a second, but first a general
note on weak ending sounds. This strong/weak thing is true of all paired ending consonants.
Let’s take for example the word ‘judge’. It begins and ends ends in the J sound. JJ.
The first one is clear, the second one isn’t because it’s an ending J.
Jj. Judge. Jj. This ending is weak especially if we compare it with the CH
sound, the match. CH. CH. So the ending of judge isn’t Jj and it’s not CH. It’s ch,ch.
A really weak version of the unvoiced sound the CH. Judge.
Let’s talk about linking it to another word.
If the next word after these plurals begins with a Z,
we link with one Z sound and it does sound like a full clear Z.
For example, “the cars zipped along” carzzzzzipped.
Strong Z because it also begins the next word. Cars zipped,
the cars zipped along. So there is no feel of an S in the plural ending here, just Z.
But, if the next word begins with an S, then you just hear a single S sound to link,
no Z. For example, “the cars stopped.” Carsssssstopped. Just an S sound.
Okay, Case: 3 for plural noun pronunciation. In case 3, we don’t just add a sound,
we add a syllable. It’s unstressed, and it’s IH, Z. You already know what I’m going to say
about that ending Z. It’s a weak ending sound, so it’s actually more like weak
S, without, zzzz, that vibration in the vocal cords. This ending is ss, ss.
This is the plural noun pronunciation if the final sound of the noun is S,
like “base”. Base becomes bases.
We need to cover all our bases.
Bases, iz, iz, weak ending sound. This is so similar yet different from the word ‘basis’. There
the ending sound is the S sound, it’s a little stronger. Basis. So we have bases and basis.
To make things extra confusing, the plural of ‘basis’ is this word,
spelled like the plural of ‘base’, but pronounced with an EE vowel in the second syllable, baseez.
So the plural of ‘base’ is ‘bases’, and the plural of ‘basis’ is ‘bases’, spelled the same as
‘bases’ but pronounced slightly differently. Oh goodness.
Our other ending sounds for case 3 are zz, sh, zh, ch, and jj.
So Rose, ending with a Z sound, becomes roses. Two syllables. Rash becomes
rashes. Garage becomes garages. Batch becomes batches, and judge becomes judges.
Just like in case 2, if we link into a Z it sounds like a Z. The judges zoned
out during the boring presentation. Judges zoned, Here we hear the Z, zz. Judges zoned.
Judges zoned. If these words link into a word that begins with an S, we hear an S. Judges saw. Judges
saw The judges saw everything. There they are. Your three cases for pronouncing
plural nouns. Case 1, the noun ends in one of these sounds, the plural is pronounced as an S.
Case 2, the noun ends in one of these sounds, the plural is pronounced as a S which
is really more like a weak Z. Case three, the noun ends in one of these
sounds and we add ‘iz’ at the end of the word, another syllable, again with the weak ending Z
sounding like a weak S. Practicing the pronunciation of plural nouns,
what could be more fun? Nothing, I think.
Thank you so much for joining me here and please
do like the video and subscribe with notifications. We discuss interesting
things about English, mostly about American English pronunciation here on this channel
every week and I’d love to see you back. That’s it and thanks so much for using Rachel’s English.
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英语中的复数名词。 现在我们确实 有这些规则。 但是有一个技巧,
有一个陷阱,总是有英语 发音。 我们会解决的。
当我们在词尾添加 S 或 ES 时,英语中的名词会变成复数形式 。
你猜怎么着——这也是动词的第三人称 变位。 因此,您在这里学到的
关于复数名词发音的所有内容也适用 于第三人称变位。 耶! 两人合一!
对于 S,我们添加一个字母和一个声音。 猫变成 猫。 狗变成狗。 但是请听:catsssssss,
dogzzzzzz ,复数 S 的两种不同发音。但是对于某些单词,
例如“beach”,复数是 -es,它是 一个额外的音节,beach。 海滩-伊兹,伊兹,伊兹。
什么时候使用哪个发音? 我一开始告诉你的技巧是什么?
如果 名词的最后发音是 p、t、k、f 或 th,则使用“s”音,例如“cat”变成“cats”。
你注意到所有这些 声音的共同点了吗? p,t,k,f,th。
他们都是清音的。 我的声带没有振动使这种情况发生。 [ð] --
这是一个浊音。 钍。 这些都是清音的。 S也是清音的。 So 也是清音,
所以清音 S 的发音 与这些清音一致。
猫、船、书、咳嗽。 现在看那里 ,最后一个字母是 H,这不在
我们的列表中。 但我们正在谈论最终的声音。 “咳嗽”的最后一个声音是 F. Cough,
咳嗽。 “ 观众中有不少咳嗽,但我认为我们
的音乐会录音很好。” 最后 是清音 TH,就像在“路径”中一样。 路径。
THS 是一个棘手的组合,我 对此有很多疑问。 这,这。
舌尖向外,舌尖向内。 对于 S,舌尖可以朝下或朝上,我
发现朝下感觉更自然,ths,ths。 最常见的复数名词之一 THS 结尾是
个月,好消息是它有一条捷径。 大多数母语人士不会说“月”,而是
将 TH 改为 T 并说“月”。 他六个月 大。 “月”。 比这容易一点。
咳嗽是名词或动词。 第三人称共轭,
咳嗽。 他经常咳嗽。 请记住,第三 人称变位遵循相同的规则。
因此,由于动词以 F 结尾,所以这个 S 是清音 sss。 咳嗽。
关于案例 1 最后要说的一件事:接下来的 话。 如果下一个单词以 S 开头,
则您只是发出 1 个 S 音来链接 那里。 例如,学生坐在这里。
学生坐,学生坐。 1 S 链接以连接这些单词。
如果下一个单词以 Z 开头,则该 开头的声音会取代复数
,我们或多或少会放弃 S 声音。 例如,猫在房子周围溜达。 Cats
zipped 变成了“cazipped”,只需 与 1 z 的声音联系起来。
好的,案例1,完成。 案例 2 是 我们的习惯有点棘手的地方。
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Superthanks,该功能允许您 向我的频道捐赠一小笔特定
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点击 Superthans 按钮。 收益 将用于我的频道的新相机。
在第二种情况下,最后的声音 是任何元音或双元音,
或这些辅音之一,并且该 复数发音为 Z 音。
因此,让我们以“椅子”为例,“椅子”。 结尾的声音是 Z。你听到了吗?
声带振动, 区分 Z 和 S。我会为你交替:
sss,zzz,sss,zzz sss,zzz。
所以这个结尾,如果 2 是 Z,zzz。 主席。
除非我们实际上并没有那样发音 。 它是用 IPA 写的,带有 Z 音
,但它并不是真正的 Z 音。 让我们探索一下。 我正在手机上使用录音应用程序。
我用清晰、 强烈的 Z 音、chairzz 和清晰、强烈的
S 音、chairss 录制了“chair”这个词。 两者听起来都不自然,然后 我按照我们所说的方式记录了它:椅子。
现在我们在这里看到的,这些蓝线,
就是音高。 我的声带振动的音符 。 当声音像 sssss 这样清音时,
您看不到任何蓝线。 但如果我们看到 一条蓝线,它就是浊音,它是 zzz,a z。
这里的第一个是我 用夸张的 z 音说“chairz”,zz,zz
,非常强烈的清晰 z。 让我们听听。
如果我将光标移到
此处音高线的最末端并播放它, 您会发现实际上没有任何声音。
所以那里没有 S 结尾。 现在, 在下一个中,我真的夸大了 S 音。
主席
所以我们不会说得那么 强烈。 让我把光标带回到这里
,直到声音振动的末尾 ,让我们看看,我们听到 S 了吗?
当然,我们听到一个清晰的 S。
所以,当我夸大 S 时,
我们肯定能听到它,并且 看到没有声带振动。
好的,现在,我第三次记录 我说椅子的方式,
在会话 中说它更正常,让我们听。
所以问题是:结尾的声音 是 Z 品质还是 S 品质? 我们
有没有声音的 S 音吗? 让我们来看看。
是的,我们有。 虽然它超级快 ,不是吗? 这不是sss。 那是s,s,s。
So fast so弱但绝对不是az,那是一个 s,一个短的快速S。那是弱结尾Z。
所以我们实际上发case 2,S 作为[z]音的方式,实际上是一个S,但是一个弱S,
不是完整的 S。案例 1, 复数发音为 S,
您清楚 S。案例 2,复数发音 为 Z,但您发音为 WEAK S。令人困惑,
但确实如此。 浊音结尾 Z 音 较弱。 弱到听起来像弱 S。
通过使 S 非常弱, 在这些结尾听起来像 Z。 我知道。 这很疯狂。
让我为你说几个这些复数形式 。 请注意,您没有听到 zzz
、强 Z 或 Ss、强
S。Windows。
食品。
房间。
结尾是:[weak s] A 非常虚弱,听不太懂。
那么,案例 3 给我们留下了什么? 我们稍后 会谈到这一点,但首先是
关于弱结尾声音的一般说明。 这种强/弱的 事情适用于所有配对的结尾辅音。
让我们以“法官”一词为例。 它以 J 音开始和结束。 JJ。
第一个很清楚,第二 个不是因为它是结尾 J.
Jj。 法官。 杰。 这个结尾很弱, 特别是如果我们将它与 CH
声音(匹配)进行比较。 CH。 CH。 所以 judge的结尾不是Jj,也不是CH。 这是ch,ch。 清音 CH 的
一个非常弱的版本 。 法官。
让我们谈谈将它与另一个词联系起来。
如果这些复数形式之后的下一个单词 以 Z 开头,
我们将连接一个 Z 音,它 听起来确实像一个完全清晰的 Z。
例如,“the cars zipped along” carzzzzzipped。
强 Z,因为它也 开始下一个单词。 汽车拉上拉链
,汽车拉上拉链。 所以 这里的复数结尾没有 S 的感觉,只有 Z。
但是,如果下一个单词以 S 开头, 那么你只会听到一个 S 音来连接,而
不是 Z。例如,“the cars stop. ” Carsssss停了下来。 只是一个S音。
好的,案例:3 表示复数名词发音。 在第 3 种情况下,我们不只是添加声音,
我们还添加了一个音节。 它没有重音,而且是 IH,Z。你已经知道我要对
结尾 Z 说什么了。这是一个弱结尾的 声音,所以它实际上更像是弱
S,没有,zzzz,声带中的振动 。 这个结局是ss,ss。
如果名词的最后发音是 S,则这是复数名词发音,
例如“base”。 基地变成基地。
我们需要覆盖我们所有的基地。
Bases, iz, iz, 弱尾音。 这 与“基础”一词非常相似但又不同。
结尾音是 S 音, 稍强一些。 基础。 所以我们有基础和依据。
为了让事情更加混乱, “基础”的复数是这个词,
拼写像“基础”的复数,但 在第二个音节baseez中用EE元音发音。
所以“base”的复数形式是“bases”, “basis”的复数形式是“bases”,拼写与
“bases”相同,但发音略有 不同。 我的天啊。
案例 3 的其他结尾声音 是 zz、sh、zh、ch 和 jj。
所以以 Z 音结尾的 Rose 变成了 roses。 两个音节。 皮疹变成
皮疹。 车库变成车库。 批次 变成批次,法官变成法官。
就像在案例 2 中一样,如果我们链接到 Z,它听起来像 Z。
在无聊的演示过程中,评委们分心了。 法官 分区,我们在这里听到 Z,zz。 法官分区。
法官分区。 如果这些词链接到一个 以 S 开头的词,我们会听到一个 S。Judges 看到了。 评委
们看到了评委们看到了一切。 他们在那里。 你的复数名词发音的三种情况
。 情况 1,名词以其中一种 音结尾,复数发音为 S。
情况 2,名词以其中一种 音结尾,复数发音为 S
,实际上更像是弱 Z。情况 三 , 名词以其中一个
音结尾,我们在词尾加上“iz”, 另一个音节,同样弱结尾 Z
听起来像弱 S。练习 复数名词的发音,
还有什么比这更有趣的呢? 没什么,我想。
非常感谢您加入我的行列,请点
赞视频并订阅 通知。 我们每周都会在这个频道上讨论
关于英语的有趣事情,主要是关于美式 英语发音
,我很乐意见到你。 就是 这样,非常感谢您使用 Rachel 的英语。