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[Music]

hi everybody my name is alicia in this

lesson i’m going to talk about some

differences between the words just and

only i’m going to look at these words in

two ways that they are used i’m going to

focus on their adverb use in this lesson

let’s get started i want to begin by

talking about the word just just so i

have two meanings here for just the

first meaning for just is one that

shares a meaning with only so we’re

going to see this is the same kind of

sentence pattern the same usage

so just or only in this way it

emphasizes a small degree

or a small amount of something so when

we want to make something seem smaller

or perhaps less important

we can use the word just or we can use

only to do this

some examples

i ate just one cookie here so

point that i want to make smaller i want

to emphasize this one cookie

i use just to show so not two not three

one i want to emphasize the small number

there

second we had just three days for our

vacation so here i want to emphasize

three days was a small amount of time so

just three days shows that the speaker

feels it was not a large degree like it

was not a large amount of time for

vacation so we use this for emphasis

if we remove just from the sentence it

remains grammatically correct i ate one

cookie is okay

we had three days for our vacation is

okay but using just emphasizes

a small degree or a small amount of

something

so we’ll see this with only as well

okay

let’s take a look at the second use of

just for this lesson we can use just for

very recently completed actions or for

actions happening in the very near

future

when we use just to talk about near

future actions we use it with about two

about two

also you may hear some speakers use just

with the ing form of a verb so that

means something is happening like now

it’s beginning right now so it’s

extremely near future you might hear

that so with about two that means it has

not started yet but it’s going to be

very soon

so let’s look at some examples first

i just finished my homework i just

finished my homework

so finished is past tense here this

refers to a very recently completed

action

did you just call me this is a question

so here call

is in present tense yes but we have did

past tense here did you call me did you

just call me means in the very recent

past did you call so using just shows

that

then these are near future situations i

was just about to go to lunch i was just

about to go to lunch so here you can use

was you may hear some speakers using i

am i’m just about to go to lunch do you

want to come

we often use this past tense pattern

when something changed our plans like i

was just about to go to lunch but this

urgent task came up so sometimes we do

that

you can hear both it kind of depends on

the speaker’s feeling a little bit

okay

this one

we’re just about to leave so this uses

that present tense i was talking about

we are we’re just about to leave so that

shows that it’s an upcoming plan

for the very near future again just

appears before the verb here in the past

tense examples so keep this in mind

because for this lesson for this content

in general

the word order is very important here

when you’re using just with this meaning

with meaning one to emphasize a small

degree

we need to use just before the word it

modifies so here the emphasis the word i

want to emphasize is one

one or three so just comes before that

word a mistake that many people make and

even native speakers make is using just

before the verb here i just ate one

cookie or

we just had three days for our vacation

so they want to emphasize this but they

position just before the verb and this

is incorrect because we use just in this

position for this kind of pattern for a

recently finished action i just ate one

cookie sounds like i very recently ate

one cookie which is correct that could

be a grammatically correct sentence yes

but if you want to emphasize a small

amount of something you need to put it

before that word that you want to modify

we’ll see the same thing with only

actually so

when we’re using only again it shares

this meaning with just for the first the

first meaning here so we’re emphasizing

that small degree of something and the

same word order rule applies we have to

use only before the word it modifies so

we can use the same example sentences i

ate only one cookie

or we had only three days for our

vacation

so again we can remove only from the

sentence and the sentence remains

grammatically correct

we’re just emphasizing one or three in

this case and using only shows the

speaker feels it was a small amount or a

small degree

if we position only somewhere else in

the sentence like i only ate one cookie

or we only had three days for our

vacation then it modifies the verb and

it changes the sentence for example if i

said i only ate one cookie it means i

did not do anything else to that one

cookie so i only ate one cookie i did

not look at the cookie i did not smell

the cookie i did not bake the cookie i

only ate one cookie so we’re modifying

the verb there here it comes before one

so i ate only one cookie so not two not

three not four i ate only one so keep

this in mind this is a key point that

many native speakers have trouble with

too

okay let’s take a look then at the

second use for this lesson i want to

talk about one more common use of the

word only and that is when it’s used in

conditionals we use this in conditionals

if sentences in if questions

to place our restriction on some action

so this is when we want to say that one

thing

is not possible without another thing so

maybe some of you have studied like if

only if as long as and unless and so on

so this is like the kind of situations

that we use these for example

we can take a long vacation this summer

only if we start saving now

using only if

shows

that this

situation

taking a long vacation this summer

is possible yes but there’s a condition

there’s a restriction

so only if

we start saving now means if we do not

start saving now we cannot go on

vacation

so we could say yes if we start saving

now sure that would be okay but this is

emphasizing the restriction this is

possible only if we start saving now we

must start saving now if we do not start

saving now it is not going to be

possible let’s look at one more example

for example in this case i was thinking

like a mother or father speaking to

their child

so yes you can go to your friend’s party

but only if

you finish your homework

so again we see a condition

like some situation that we’re

interested in desiring going to the

friend’s party

and then we see the restriction only if

you finish your homework only if you

finish your homework can you go to the

party

so that means homework must be completed

the child must complete his or her

homework

if that is done the child can go to the

party so this only shows that

restriction more clearly than just if so

you need to use only to emphasize that

restriction so we can do this you might

hear some native speakers split the only

and the if into like um so they have a

lot of distance in the sentence

sometimes i hear for example we can only

take a long vacation this summer if we

start saving now

so in most cases that doesn’t cause a

communication problem

but for the sake of clarity i would

recommend you try to keep your only and

if together so that you can clearly see

the conditions and the restrictions

so again word order does matter here put

this before the condition this is the

thing that must happen it must be

completed it must be fulfilled in order

for this other thing to happen so your

word order does matter here so from this

lesson a big point meaning one for only

and just they are the same you can use

them in the same way so don’t worry

about choosing between these two the

thing to worry about is the position of

the word in the sentence make sure to

put it before the word you’re modifying

if you would like some more information

about these points specifically the word

only there is a lesson about positioning

of the word only in sentences so please

check the youtube channel for that video

of course if you have other questions or

other comments please feel free to let

us know in the comment section of this

video or try making some example

sentences of your own with these words

of course if you liked the video please

don’t forget to give it a thumbs up

subscribe to our channel if you have not

already and check us out at

englishclass101.com for some other

things that can help you with your

english studies thanks very much for

watching this lesson and i will see you

again soon bye bye

hi everybody my name is alicia in this

lesson i’m going to talk about three

ways to use the word of this will not

cover all uses of the word of but we’ll

focus in on three very common and very

useful ways to use this word let’s get

started

okay

the first use of of i want to talk about

use to show connection or relationship

between part or parts

and

whole

so this means when we want to show that

two things two or more things have some

kind of relationship they fit together

or they have some kind of connection

or we want to talk about things within a

larger group so like for example pieces

of things that are inside a whole of

something we use this meaning of of

let’s take a look at some examples

first example i ate a piece of cake

here we’re showing parts inside a hole

in this case we’re looking at one part

here my part is a piece and the whole in

this case is a cake

so when i want to talk about one part in

this case a piece i connect the part to

the hole with the word of i ate a piece

of cake

i could make this a plural word if i

wanted to i ate pieces of cake

so i’m still showing a relationship

between parts and whole with these words

so you’ll see of used in this way very

commonly with these counter words and

uncountable nouns

let’s take a look at the next example

sentence

he broke part of my table

so again we see of is connecting in this

case quite literally a part to

a hole in this case my table my table

represents the hole we’re talking about

here

so he broke part of my table could mean

like for example one leg of the table or

a corner of the table one piece one

portion of the table so he broke part of

my table shows that only one piece was

affected we show part and the

relationship to the whole by connecting

them with of he broke part my table is

not correct part of my table is correct

okay let’s move on to the next sentence

one of the kids cried

here

we have the kids

referring to a specific group of kids

the part here is one this means one

child one kid in the group of kids

cried

so you’ll often see

this kind of pattern used when we’re

talking about people groups of people

like students or workers and so on so

one of the kids cried we could change

this to the plural form as well two of

the kids cried it shows parts or a small

number inside a larger group so in this

example sentence we don’t know the total

number here but because the kids

in the plural form is used we know that

it refers to a specific group of kids

and we want to talk about one of those

kids we show the relationship between

this one kid and the group of kids with

of one of the kids cried

so this is the first way to use of for

this lesson

i want to talk about one more important

and related use of of which is to show a

portion inside something to show a

portion inside something

means to talk about

more than one of something inside a

group for example

so in these cases i focused on just one

part

inside a larger group but if you want to

talk about larger numbers for example

the majority or the minority inside a

group we can use of to show that

relationship let’s look at some examples

first

most of the students

passed the test most of the students

passed the test so here i’m talking

again about people

we see a very similar sentence here

the kids was in my previous example

sentence here

the students so i’m talking about a

specific group of students

i’m showing though

most of the students pass the test so

not just one or two or three students

pass the test but most of the students

passed the test

so i connect this most with the larger

whole so this could be the students in

the class or the students in the school

whatever

i connect this part even though it’s a

majority even though it’s most i connect

this with of most of the students passed

the test

you might also hear the pattern most

students passed the test that is also

okay

if you’re including this the though

you need to include of because this the

students is referring to a specific

group so the

our definite article is showing us that

we’re talking about a specific group of

students so this could be most of the

students in this class or in my class

something specific is happening there so

we use the we connect it with of if you

don’t use a specific definite article

for example most students pass the test

that’s okay but the statement becomes

less specific you’re just talking about

maybe

students across the country for example

we don’t know it’s not so clear there

so if you’re using the definite article

make sure to use of to connect it

okay let’s look at another example

the majority of people at the event

were rich the majority of people at the

event were rich

okay so here

i’m using majority the majority the

majority so majority is another way to

say most the largest number of people in

other words so majority for example

could mean like 80 percent of people

basically more than 50 percent is a

majority so

the majority of people at the event were

rich

so this is an example sentence where i

could choose to use the definite article

or not the majority of the people at the

event were rich that would also be okay

because i’m making it very clear in the

sentence which people i mean so people

at the event the specific group of

people so i could say the majority of

the people at the event were rich that’s

also okay i’ve chosen not to include it

here because this extra information

tells me which people so the majority of

people at the event were rich

here my part

is this percentage of people so 50

or more

of this group people at the event were

rich i show the connection by using of

so this is my part my portion and this

is my total group my hole here

okay one more example of this

none of us had any idea what to do

so here

we’re showing zero

none of us so us

because we’re using us it refers to a

group that means nobody inside our group

no people zero people inside our group

had any idea what to do

so we connect this with none of us so we

wouldn’t really say zero of us it

wouldn’t sound so natural we would say

none of us you could also say nobody had

any idea what to do but we’re using of

here because we’re showing

a portion in this case none

and we’re showing a hole so when you

want to show this relationship between

something inside the hole and the larger

group the larger whole you connect the

two with of

okay

let’s continue on to the second point

for this lesson the second point for

this lesson is using of to talk about

the materials or parts something is made

with

to talk about an object’s

contents so contents means the things

inside something else this is a bit

different from what we’ve talked about

over here

let’s look at a few example sentences

first let’s focus on these two

a cup

made of silver

a cup made of silver

this use of of here

is showing us the materials

that the cup is made of so a cup made of

silver silver is the material

cup is the object you’ll notice too

made is in parentheses sometimes native

speakers will drop this part when we’re

talking about the materials or the parts

something is made with

a cup of silver this can sound a little

bit more formal but sometimes we do

choose to use made of silver i like to

include it for this lesson just to make

it a little bit more clear which kind of

of we’re talking about

so a cup of silver is also okay to use

to me it sounds a little bit more polite

this of is showing us a material

silver

for a cup

let’s go on to the next sentence also a

material sentence

her earrings were made of gold her

earrings were made of gold so again you

see our material

comes after our connecting word of

and the object it’s connecting to is

earrings her earrings

were made of gold

so these two sentences show us how we

use of

to indicate a material or a part that

something can be made with

i want to look at the next two sentences

though these two sentences refer to

using of for objects contents

first example sentence

i’d like a glass of wine please

i’d like a glass of wine please so

you’ll notice as we talked about in this

part

we have a counter word

and an uncountable noun

so wine is an uncountable noun glass is

a way to count portions of wine a way to

count servings of wine

here however

it’s referring to the contents of the

glass

so i’d like a glass of wine please means

one glass full of wine so inside the

glass is just wine a glass of wine we

could say a pint of beer or a cup of

juice for example those are all counter

words plus

uncountable noun connected with of

patterns so here

this part is referring to the counter

word

this is the uncountable noun that’s

completely inside it we connect the two

with of

one more example of this

the box was full

of old

letters

the box was full of old letters

this one does not use an uncountable

noun

here we’re talking about a box in this

case this box the contents of this box

was or were rather the contents were

old

letters

old letters

so we’re using of here because this is a

good hint word full full means like 100

of the inside of the box

was old letters so we’re showing the

contents there

with uh we’re connecting

the item the object to its contents with

the word of we could change this we

could add other things too the box was

full of old letters and pens and pencils

or the box was full of old pictures we

could change that we could add other

things to this sentence if we want but

we’re showing here the contents of the

box full of something

so you may see that empty is used in a

pattern like this like the box was for

example empty of money

empty of money so this may seem a little

bit strange why would you say that but

it means there was no money inside the

box empty means there’s nothing inside

so the box was full of means it’s 100

percent uh things inside something empty

means nothing zero percent so the box

was empty of money is correct we

sometimes use that it sounds a little

bit more formal a little bit more polite

but when you want to talk about the

contents of something in this case a box

or perhaps a bag a purse you can use of

to connect the contents

with the object itself

okay so with this in mind let’s continue

to our last use of of for this lesson

number three we use of to show belonging

you see this a lot in organizations in

government situations companies schools

and so on we use it to show belonging to

be a member of something let’s look at

these examples

here

she’s the head

of the company she’s the head of the

company means she’s the top of the

company

in these patterns the company

is the organization

that’s the group

the head

means the top or her position

the way in which she belongs to the

company

she’s the head of the company

we could change this part right here

to reflect a different position in the

organization

she’s a manager in the company

she’s a worker

in the company but you’ll notice

we change

of to in

in situations like that because it’s

we’re not talking about one specific key

figure we’re talking about one person

that’s kind of like a member of a group

so she’s a manager of the company

might be used in situations where a

person is like a top manager

so this is kind of another key point we

use this of pattern when belonging

to talk about like

key roles in organizations or key roles

for organizations so she’s the head of

the company in contrast we would not say

she’s the head in the company we would

not use a pattern like that she’s the

head of the company let’s look at

another example here

have you ever seen the queen of england

here england it’s a country but we think

of england as our group our organization

queen then

the queen shows this top level position

so the queen of england meaning she is

the queen that belongs to england so

this shows her relationship to this

larger organization in this case a

country

the queen of england

so we would use this again for like

politicians we would use this for public

figures kings queens and so on but again

they’re at this very high level position

in their organization so let’s look at

one uh maybe smaller level organization

for this last example

we’re the leaders

of this group we’re the leaders of this

group so this could be a volunteer group

in your community for example

here

the group is our organization

the leaders the leaders in this case

more than one person

the leaders

are the top people in the organization

we connect

the top people

to the organization to which they belong

with the word of we’re the leaders of

this group so if we wanted to talk about

the members we could say

we’re members of such and such group yes

but you would use that if you’re

introducing yourself to someone outside

the situation and you kind of want to

show perhaps a sense of pride in your

belonging

we tend to use in more when we’re

talking more internally i feel so like

i’m a member of such and such group

would be okay

but we would probably use for like

companies and so on like a manager in

this company so there are a couple

situations where there’s a little bit of

flexibility in terms of the preposition

that’s used but a good rule is that when

you’re talking about the leader of

something the leader of a group or the

leader of an organization you can use of

to show their role so leader queen king

head of company and use of to connect it

to the company name the organization

name the country name and so on if you

want to talk about the members of

something

if you’re talking to someone outside the

group it might be a good idea to use of

i’m a member of such and such group

or i’m a

manager

in this company i would prefer

personally to use in for talking about

company sorts of things i would probably

use of for talking about like group

related things so this is perhaps a

small point that’s a little bit

different for lower level people in

organizations but as i said a good rule

is to show belonging for people at the

tops of organizations with of

so i hope that this lesson gave you some

good ideas and some good chances to

practice these three uses of the word of

as i said there are many other ways to

use this word but i feel that these are

probably some of the most common ways

and perhaps we can talk more about other

uses of of in another video in the

future if you have any questions or

comments or if you want to practice

making a sentence with this word please

feel free to do so in the comments

section of course if you liked this

lesson please don’t forget to give it a

thumbs up subscribe to our channel if

you have not already and check us out at

englishclass101.com

for some other things that can help you

with your english studies thanks very

much for watching this lesson and i will

see you again soon bye-bye

hi everybody my name is alicia in this

lesson i’m going to talk about when to

use apostrophe s

and when to use of let’s get started

first i want to talk about the

situations when we use apostrophe s

so we commonly refer to this as the

possessive form so we attach apostrophe

s to some noun or a noun phrase

we use apostrophe s

when we’re talking about something that

belongs to another person

so when i say something that belongs to

another person this can mean an object

like a pen or a shirt

or it can mean something about that

person’s physical appearance physical

appearance means the way they look

or it can be about their personality

so what kind of personality does that

person have what are their

characteristics

so we use apostrophe s when we’re

referring to these kinds of things

relating to people

let’s look at some examples of this

first

this group of examples

features apostrophe s

including an object so for example my

brother’s

car

my mom’s favorite album or

my friend’s keys

we use apostrophe s

because this is an object that belongs

to a person

if i used of in these sentences it would

sound very unnatural for example

the car of my brother or the favorite

album of my mom or

the keys of my friend it sounds very

unnatural to use these kinds of patterns

so because we’re talking about objects

that belong to a person use the

possessive form this apostrophe s

let’s look at some more examples

these are things again

objects that belong to another person in

this case not just my my my but another

person outside us for example

your roommate’s computer

his girlfriend’s

water bottle so again we’re talking

about objects that belong to

a person even if that person is outside

us unrelated to us we use apostrophe s

to naturally show possession to

naturally show ownership

finally down here let’s look at some

examples that talk about someone’s

personality or their characteristics

my friend’s personality

his mother’s cleanliness

his father’s beard this is not a

personality point this is a physical

appearance point but you can see how in

all of these example sentences we

continue to use the apostrophe s to show

ownership so this my friend’s

personality means the personality

belonging to my friend

his mother’s cleanliness

this shows the cleanliness belonging to

his mother this beard here belongs to

the speaker’s friends perhaps father

so we’re using this apostrophe s to show

ownership of something

so please make sure to use apostrophe s

in situations such as these

another important point about apostrophe

s use

is that apostrophe s

is commonly used with time periods so

time periods means like days or weeks or

months for example it can also mean

points in time or periods of time in a

day

for example

this morning’s meeting

here

morning is my time period or my point in

time in this case this morning’s meeting

this means the meeting that happened

this morning or the meeting that’s going

to happen this morning so we can think

of this as a meeting

belonging to this morning we use

apostrophe s to show this we do not say

the meeting of this morning it sounds

very unnatural

another example

the year’s best music the year’s best

music so here i have this time period

the year the last year or this year

perhaps apostrophe s best music so this

means the best music belonging to the

year we would not say

the best

music of the year necessarily i suppose

you could but in lots of marketing

materials you see this apostrophe s used

it kind of shows a little bit of

closeness that possessive form

okay the next one

this evening’s menu this evening’s menu

so again the menu which belongs to this

evening this is one that you might also

see used with the of pattern perhaps so

using the of pattern

kind of makes things like this sound a

little bit more formal or a little bit

more polite so for example the menu of

this evening

might not be so natural

or the menu of the evening might be

something you could hear

but the reason that we don’t use of as

often perhaps

in situations such as these is because

it tends to make the situation sound a

little more formal or a little more

polite so when i said in this example

sentence the best music of the year

you might hear that for example at an

award ceremony like the best artist of

the year or artist of the year something

like that has a little bit of importance

to it when we want to give more

importance to something we might use the

of pattern so these are two situations

where you might see that we would not do

it in the situations i’ve talked about

or the situations i spoke about earlier

when talking about things belonging to

people there are some cases

where we might use an of pattern

when talking about time periods so these

are maybe a couple of cases where you

may see of used

okay so we can use this with time

periods as well and it is commonly used

with time periods let’s compare this

then to situations where we use of

of is used when explaining something

that is part of or belongs to

something larger so note yes i’m using

this belongs to here but this is for

like objects so not things that belong

to people

this is for like uh perhaps

organizations

or as i said objects

let’s take a look at some examples of

this

here

the leader of the group

the end of the video

or the top of the mountain

so in each of these situations we’re

expressing like a relationship between a

part and a hole

in the first example sentence the group

the group

is my whole

and the leader is one part so we often

use of when we’re talking about like the

top person in an organization or in a

group so this is why we use like leader

of the group or if you’ve watched the

video about using of on this channel the

queen of england or the head of the

company those are expressions we use to

talk about the top person in a group so

they are part of a group or an

organization

the second example the end of the video

refers to one part of the video so if we

watch the video watch the video watch

the video

this part here is the end part of the

video we use of to show that

relationship

finally

the top of the mountain the top of the

mountain again if we imagine a mountain

and we imagine one part

we can describe that with of connecting

that name top to the name of the whole

mountain the top of the mountain

of course there are some cases where we

choose to phrase things a little bit

differently for example the mountaintop

is a word

um but in these cases it’s more natural

to use of than it is to use apostrophe s

so for example if i said the mountain’s

top it wouldn’t sound as natural as the

top of the mountain if i said the

video’s end it wouldn’t sound as natural

as the end of the video

the group’s leader could be okay

because it’s related to a person

but you might hear this one a little

more often the leader of the group

okay with that in mind let’s look at

another way that we use of

we use of when explaining what something

is made from

so we use this when talking about

material so if i want to talk about the

material my shirt is made from i could

use of to describe that let’s look at

some examples though

a necklace of gold

a sweater made of wool

shoes made of leather so here in these

examples i’m talking about materials

gold wool and leather

you’ll notice that i’ve got made in

parentheses here we can drop that made

because this use of of is showing us

what something is made from so not

everybody chooses to include made but

you can um so a necklace of gold means a

necklace made from gold

a sweater

made of wool means a sweater made from

wool so that’s another way to say it

both are fine you can choose which you

prefer

shoes made of leather so we’re

connecting the material

to the object with of here

so again

this is not a situation where we would

use this possessive form because

actually here

there’s no possession happening

the necklace is not possessing gold or

the sweater is not possessing wool

rather we’re talking about the

components the pieces that work together

to create this other thing so definitely

do not use apostrophe s in situations

such as this

so i hope that this lesson gives you a

good guideline for when to use

apostrophe s and when to use of remember

apostrophe s is great to use and very

natural to use when you’re talking about

people and things that belong to people

remember use of when you’re talking

about something that is part of

something else or when you’re describing

the materials that are used to make

something so if you have any questions

or comments or if you want to practice

making some sentences with this grammar

please feel free to do so in the comment

section of this video of course if you

like this lesson don’t forget to give it

a thumbs up subscribe to our channel if

you have not already and check us out at

englishclass101.com

for some other things that can help you

with your english studies thanks very

much for watching this lesson and i will

see you again soon bye-bye

hi everybody my name is alicia in this

lesson i’m going to talk about the

differences between have and had i’m

going to look at three very common ways

that we use these words let’s get

started okay the first way that we use

these words is to express ownership so

ownership this means when we

have like an item there’s something that

belongs to us or when we want to talk

about like personalities or personal

characteristics when we want to talk

about owning that or something belonging

to us we use have or past tense had to

do that so

to make a basic ownership expression

with this verb we use have plus our noun

phrase so for example

marker is a noun phrase a marker so i

have a marker it’s a very simple

ownership expression

this is present tense have

when the subject of the sentence is he

she or it

we change the verb have to has

she has a marker he has a marker so keep

in mind the subject of your sentence

will change the way that you have to say

the verb or spell the verb so we follow

it with a noun phrase

when we want to make a past tense

statement we change have to

had this is true if the subject is she

he it anything we use had for past tense

ownership statements so i had a red

marker

now i have a blue marker for example i

had in the past now i have present tense

so we use had and have to express

past and present ownership of things and

characteristics some more examples first

i have a cookie have present tense this

shows us right now the speaker the

speaker has a cookie the speaker has a

cookie i have a cookie

another one past tense here

i had a dog when i was a kid so here i

had a dog

when

when i was a kid this is my point in

time or my period of time this was the

the time in which i had a dog past tense

are some examples where the subject is

he and she

he has

a lot of money

he has a lot of money we use has because

the subject is he he has a lot of money

finally she has

a lot of

responsibilities she has a lot of

responsibilities

again the subject is she so we use has

instead of have this is only for the

present tense she has a lot of

responsibilities so this is the first

use of have and had to express ownership

let’s move on to point number two for

this lesson

point number two

we use have and had to make the perfect

tenses so we use perfect tense we can

use present perfect tense past perfect

tense future perfect tense to talk about

actions that started in the past and

continued until a certain point in time

so when we make present perfect tense

sentences we use have organ has it

follows the same rule as over here if

the subject is she he or it we use has

so we use have or has

but we follow it with the past

participle form of a verb this is a

special form of each verb that we attach

to this verb have or has so this is to

make the present perfect tense

when we make the past perfect tense

however we use had

plus the past participle form of the

verb so again there’s only one word here

there’s no change if the subject changes

so past perfect had

present perfect have or has for more

information on these tenses and what

they mean please check our website

englishclass101.com or please do a quick

search on our youtube channel for

present perfect tense or past perfect

tense videos for more information about

this grammar point

let’s look at some examples though of

how we use these to make our statements

in perfect tenses

first

i have studied english for three years i

have studied english for three years

have is used here

before

studied studied is the past participle

form of the verb study

i have studied english in this case for

three years the speaker includes a

length of time

i have studied english for three years

let’s change the subject of the sentence

she

has been

waiting for an hour she has been waiting

for an hour so here we’re focusing on a

continuing action

but we change have to has because the

subject is she we use bin because bin

is the past participle form of the verb

be so not she has be

she has been

waiting she has been waiting

so this is again a present perfect tense

expression here we’re using it with the

continuous form or the progressive form

now let’s take a look at some past

perfect examples

i had just arrived home

when the phone rang

i had just arrived home when the phone

rang

here you’ll notice i included just so i

want to show something happened very

quickly

after this thing

or rather i want to show that something

happened very quickly like back to back

so one thing happened and then another

thing happened i had just arrived home

when the phone rang

had is used here

because this is a past situation

i just arrived home i had just arrived

home when the phone rang so

in the moment after that very quickly

so i use just before

the past participle verb

arrived arrived so arrived is the past

participle form of the verb arrive i can

use just to modify that

so another example we had been working

all night

when we got the news

that the project was cancelled we had

been working all night when we got the

news that the project was cancelled

again had comes before my past

participle verb be

becomes bin

and i’m using another progressive

example an ing example you’ll also

notice that with past perfect we tend to

use this when we’re telling stories in a

sequence so past perfect thing the thing

that happened far far far in the past we

use past perfect tense and then we use

simple past tense we see this in these

two examples this happened first had

just arrived home far in the past

when the phone rang so this is my simple

past tense statement just arrived home

phone rang so we understand the sequence

of events there by using past perfect

simple past same thing here we had been

working all night continuing to work

we’ve been working all night when

we got the news we got simple past tense

we got the news that the project was

cancelled so we use this these two past

forms together to tell stories in

sequence okay so again if you want more

information about these grammar points

please do a search of the youtube

channel or the website okay so let’s

move on to our third use of these words

for this lesson we use have and had to

talk about responsibilities this is a

very common use of these words when we

talk about present tense

responsibilities we use have

or has again for he she and its subjects

plus

plus a present tense verb

of course we can change this with use of

don’t we can make it a negative don’t

have to doesn’t have to and so on

but making a positive sentence

for the purposes of this lesson is done

in this way same thing with had when

we’re making a past tense responsibility

expression we use had plus to plus the

present tense verb so this had is the

only change

changes from half in present tense so

let’s look at some examples

first

i have to go to the bank i have to go to

the bank

half

plus

present tense verb go is my present

tense verb i have to go to the bank

responsibility statement

if my subject is he she or it i need to

change my verb to has

she has to

leave the office leave is my simple

present tense verb i’ve connected it

with two she has to leave the office

past tense examples we had to buy new

shoes we had to buy new shoes so we as

the subject had shows it’s a past tense

expression

to connects to

by my present tense verb we had to buy

new shoes

finally

he had to find a new job so again my

subject is he but there’s no change to

the verb in past tense he had to find a

new job so had to present tense verb is

fine he had to find a new job so we can

use have and had and has to talk about

explaining our responsibilities so these

are three ways that you can use have and

had and has as well so i hope that they

help you in understanding how these

words are used again if you want some

more information about these grammar

points please make sure to search our

youtube channel or check out our website

englishclass101.com

of course if you liked this lesson

please don’t forget to give it a thumbs

up and subscribe to our channel if you

have not already also if you have any

questions or comments or if you want to

practice making an example sentence

please feel free to do so in the comment

section of this video thank you very

much for watching this lesson and i will

see you again soon bye-bye

hi everybody welcome back to ask alicia

the weekly series where you ask me

questions and i answer them maybe okay

let’s get to your first question this

week first question this week comes from

andrea oliviera hello andrea andrea says

hi alicia could you help me with the

differences between before and until in

these phrases first

don’t say you hate it until or before

you try a bite of it

you’re not going anywhere until or

before you put your things away

enjoy your meal until or before it gets

cold thank you very much okay nice

question yeah mostly the differences

between until and before in these

example sentences are about nuance you

could use either in these sentences i

want to talk about the first two example

phrases or the first two example

sentences first i want to talk about

these two together because they have a

negative at the beginning of the

sentence in the first example sentence

we had don’t say you hate it until or

before you try a bite of it so until is

used to mark like a key moment or kind

of a deadline or a point at which

something changes before it doesn’t

really have this feeling so don’t say

you hate it until you try a bite of it

sounds more natural in this case because

it’s like saying taking a bite of this

thing this food probably is kind of the

key point or the moment for change the

moment in which the person makes a

decision so until sounds more natural

here than before

the same is true for the second example

sentence you’re not going anywhere until

or before you put your things away again

this sounds more natural with until

because we have kind of a key moment for

change yeah so the person needs to put

their things away that’s why until

sounds a little bit more natural than

before here

this is not the case however with the

final example that you included which

was enjoy your meal until or before it

gets cold

the reason that until sounds unnatural

in this example is because we don’t

really have a specific point like a key

moment or a kind of deadline or a time

at which something’s going to change we

have this cold like the meal is going to

get cold situation we know is going to

happen but there’s not a key point

also if you use until in this sentence

it sounds like enjoy your meal and

continue enjoying your meal but at the

point your meal becomes cold stop

enjoying your meal this is really

strange right so enjoy your meal before

it gets cold sounds a lot more natural

here because it’s kind of like you’re

encouraging the other person to eat

while the meal is warm and therefore

it’s most delicious so that’s the

difference between until and before in

these example sentences and you can kind

of carry that you can kind of remember

that when you need to choose in the

future so until we tend to use more with

that kind of deadline or key change

point so you can kind of remember this

when you need to make a decision between

these two in the future we tend to use

until a lot when we have some kind of

change point coming in the future we can

refer to it’s easy to spot or it’s easy

to understand that change point and we

don’t really always do that with before

so i hope that this helps you thanks for

an interesting question okay let’s get

to your next question next question

comes from andre hello andre andre says

ciao alicia what’s up hey

uh my question which is correct he don’t

or he doesn’t i’ve noticed a lot of

usage of the form he don’t in american

movies yeah nice question so depending

on the style of english used in the

movie you’re watching you might see a

grammar pattern like this so you might

see this in a few different styles of

speaking the speaker might use this kind

of speaking to sound rough or to sound

cool you might also hear it used in

certain communities or in certain

regions of the usa there are many

different reasons a speaker might use he

don’t instead of he doesn’t so it

depends a lot on the style of the movie

on the people that are in the movie or

the characters that are portrayed the

people that are actually in the movie

so there are a lot of different factors

to consider

yes we learn he doesn’t in typical

textbook english but depending on the

community or the region or the

background of the speaker it might be

common to use he don’t and other similar

grammar patterns so this is the reason

you might see he don’t in certain

american movies or in certain tv shows

even sometimes it’s because the

character wants to sound rougher or

cooler or something other times it’s

because that’s how the character

naturally speaks that’s the type of

english or the style of english they

grew up using so

over time as you watch media you’ll kind

of get to understand a little bit better

which is which so i hope that this helps

you thanks very much for the question

okay let’s move on to our next question

next question comes from

jane

advincula hi jane i hope i said your

name right jane says hi alicia i’d like

to ask about how and when to use later

and earlier for example in phrases like

one year later and earlier in 1992. okay

yeah nice question so of course we can

use earlier and later to talk about

different times of the day like let’s do

that later so meaning not now but later

but these words are also very very

useful when we’re telling stories

especially about the past when we want

to talk about a point in time in the

past and we want to talk about something

that happened before that or something

that happened after that we can use

earlier and later to do that let’s look

at earlier first so for example he

finished school in 2000 we want to talk

about the year 2000 in this case a past

tense point we could say something like

one year earlier he had started looking

for a job so that means one year before

this key point in time we already

introduced so earlier kind of refers

back to the previously introduced point

in time this sounds quite natural on the

other hand if we want to talk about

something that happened after that key

point in time we would use later to do

that so for example he finished school

in 2000 one year later he got a job so

we use the same point in time 2000 but

we use later so one year later so we can

use earlier and later to refer to a

previously introduced time period this

can help us to tell stories very

naturally yes we can also say like the

year before that or the year after that

these are just different ways to express

the same idea of course you can also use

earlier and later to talk about smaller

time periods and bigger time periods

earlier i said let’s do it later for

example so you can use earlier and later

to refer to a few minutes time as i just

did in this video you can use it to talk

about a day to talk about a week a month

a year whatever when you want to talk

about something that happened before a

point in time use earlier and when you

want to talk about something that

happened after you can use later so i

hope that this helps you thanks for the

question okay let’s move on to your next

question next question comes from kuong

hi kwang

says if my mobile phone has a low

battery what should i say which

sentences are correct

my mobile phone’s battery is low

my mobile phone is running out of power

are there any ways that native speakers

say this that sound natural does this

sentence sound natural my mobile phone’s

battery is out of power

my mobile phone’s battery power is five

percent what should i ask to find out

the power percentage can i say this what

is the percentage of your phone’s

battery’s power volume capacity and so

on great questions so first your first

example sentence is perfect so my mobile

phone’s battery is low or my mobile

phone is running out of power both of

these are great the only thing is we

tend to make this expression very short

because this is a very common situation

for example mobile phone is long we

usually say in american english my phone

so here are some really natural

expressions you can use to describe your

phone’s battery situation you can say

my phone is almost dead or my phone is

about to die to express the precise

percentage of power on your phone you

can say my phone is at five percent or

you might even hear some people say i’m

at five percent or i’m about to die

sometimes people say i’m when they mean

their phone as well if you want to ask

for a charger you can say do you have a

charger or can i borrow your charger

or in a group situation does anyone have

a charger so just keep in mind make this

expression short my phone’s about to die

is very very common that’s probably the

one that i use most what do you say when

your phone’s gonna die i’m running out

of batteries i’m running out of battery

yeah i’m running out of battery or i’m

running out of power there are many

different ways to express this

running out of shoes

oh juice

running out of juice yeah juice also

means power so it depends a little bit

on the personality of the person you’re

talking to but a very straightforward

one is my phone’s about to die or my

battery is running low so there’s a big

list of expressions that you can use

thanks for a good question i hope that

that helps you okay let’s move on to our

next question next question comes from

tawfiq saeed hi talfiq i hope i said

your name right talfiq says

his sports car flew past us on the

highway what is the meaning of past in

this example please explain with some

examples thank you okay sure this past

is a preposition so past has a few

different uses in this sentence we’re

seeing it as a preposition as a

preposition here it means beyond or to

come close to something and then move

beyond that so some other examples of

this use of past are for example i

walked past your house yesterday or my

dog ran past me into the street so in

all of these situations it’s like

something moves close

to something else and then continues

beyond that thing so in your example the

car flew past us means the car was on a

course

came very close to us and then continued

on the course beyond us the same thing

with my first example i walked past your

house yesterday that means i walked like

on a course

near your house and then i continued

beyond it and in the final example with

the dog it sounds like the dog ran very

close to me and then continued beyond me

so when we use past as a preposition

like this this is what it means i hope

that this helps you thanks for the

question all right that is everything

that i have for this week thanks very

much for your awesome questions if you

have questions for me remember you can

send them to me at englishclass101.com

ask hyphen alicia you’ll also find a

link for this in the description so

check it out of course if you want to

practice your english with us a little

bit more check us out at

englishclass101.com for some other

resources to help you with your english

studies and don’t forget to like this

video and subscribe to this channel if

you haven’t already for more videos like

this thanks very much for watching this

episode of ask alicia and i will see you

again next time bye

hi everybody welcome back to ask alicia

the weekly series where you ask me

questions and i answer them maybe

okay let’s get to your first question

this week first question this week comes

from eugene hi eugene eugene says hey

alicia is there a difference between

turn off the music and turn the music

off i always run into this problem when

i use phrasal verbs thanks yeah thanks

for this question no there is no

difference between turn off the music

and turn the music off they mean the

same thing turn off is one of those

phrasal verbs that can be split so when

i say split i mean that when you use

this phrasal verb you can put the object

of the phrasal verb at the end or you

can put it between the two words so

phrasal verbs that you can do this with

are called separable phrasal verbs so

that means you can put the object of the

verb after it or in between the two

words there are some phrasal verbs that

you cannot do this with these are called

inseparable phrasal verbs so turn off is

one example of a separable phrasal verb

you can split it and choose whichever

form you like thanks i hope that that

answers your question okay on to the

next question next question comes from

saeed

i hope i said that right hi sayyid

says hi alicia i’m from jordan i want to

ask you about the difference between d

value and down play many thanks okay

yeah nice question so to devalue

something means to take value away from

something so d value consists of that

prefix d which means off or away and

then value right referring to how much

something costs or how much we think

something is worth so to devalue

something means to remove value from

something some examples

a poor quality product can devalue your

brand

my home was devalued due to damage from

a natural disaster

okay so now let’s talk about down play

to downplay something means to minimize

or decrease the seriousness of something

so we use down play when we’re trying to

make something not seem like as big of a

deal as it actually is sometimes we want

to make people feel more calm or

sometimes we’re trying to hide

information but downplay means to try to

reduce someone’s perception or someone’s

idea of how serious a situation is some

examples

we should not downplay the seriousness

of this deadly disease

my manager downplayed my concerns at the

meeting i was angry

okay so i hope this helps you understand

the differences between devalue and

downplay thanks very much for the

question all right let’s move on to your

next question next question comes from

sergey hi sergey sergey says hi alicia

what is the difference between check up

and check out thank you in advance okay

there are a few different ways to use

these phrasal verbs generally check up

means to request or look for an update

from someone so you might say you need

to check up on someone we typically use

that when we’re talking about a person

for example can you check up on your

sister i haven’t heard from her recently

that means please go get an update from

your sister or please get some

information about the current status of

your sister so we tend to use check up

on something when we want to talk about

another person you might also hear like

check up on a specific place like go

check up on the barn or like go check up

on the animals outside to mean you want

to know the current status or the

current condition you might also see

checkup used with no space between check

and up to talk about visiting a doctor

to check your current condition so in

these cases we say something like i need

to go to the doctor for a checkup or you

should really get a checkup when’s the

last time you visited the doctor

please note that this use of checkup is

as a noun in your original question you

used check up as a phrasal verb so both

are possible so just please note that

the space does make a difference check

up with a space refers to the phrasal

verb checkup with no space refers to the

noun and that’s the one that refers to

going to a doctor to review your current

condition so let’s compare this then to

check out check out generally check out

means to finish your transaction and

leave a place most commonly we use check

out when we’re at the supermarket or at

a hotel so you might say something like

please check out at the register after

you finish shopping or i checked out of

the hotel at 10 am so these uses of

checkout refer to finishing some kind of

business or service transaction and

leaving that location you might also

hear check out used to mean go quickly

look at something like let’s check out

that new restaurant or oh i want to

check out that event later it means to

take a quick look at something generally

to see what’s happening

finally you might also hear check out

used sometimes to mean looking at a

person with romantic interest like

you’re physically attracted to that

person

for example that guy just checked you

out or wow check out that girl she’s so

pretty something like that might be used

to indicate that you find someone

physically attractive but generally

check out is used in the first two

senses most commonly in everyday

conversation to finish a transaction and

leave a place or to mean to take a quick

look at something so i hope this helps

you understand the differences between

checkup and checkout thanks for the

question okay let’s go to your next

question next question comes from

uh sarah hello sarah sarah says hi

alicia what is the difference between

knowledge and acknowledge when can i use

them good question okay so knowledge and

acknowledge i know they have that same

knowledge inside them but they’re quite

different knowledge is a noun

acknowledge is a verb so knowledge

refers to the things that we gain the

information that we learn from books

from experience and so on so we use

knowledge to operate in the world to

live our lives right so for example it’s

important to gain a lot of knowledge as

a child or make sure that you review all

of the knowledge on this subject so

knowledge is a noun that refers to the

things that you know or the things that

are known in the world

acknowledge on the other hand like i

said is a verb it means to recognize

something for example the company

acknowledged his hard work

or she acknowledged it would take a few

weeks to reach her goal so think of

acknowledge as meaning recognize it’s

kind of like a more formal way of saying

recognize so again yes although

knowledge and acknowledge do seem very

similar when you see them written they

do have quite different meanings and

different parts of speech so i hope that

this helps answer your question thanks

very much

okay next question comes from masume

tabrizi hi masume i hope i said your

name right masume says when we tell a

story can we use passive yeah of course

you can use passive when you tell

stories i think that some people have

learned at some point that passive is

maybe bad or passive sounds weak or

maybe passive should be avoided and we

should focus on using active but

actually passive is an important way

it’s an important tool a grammar tool to

explaining stories and sharing

information so yes there are sometimes

when it’s a good idea to use passive for

example you should use passive when the

person who did the action is not known

or it’s not important so a classic

example of this is if someone steals a

bag and we don’t know who it is we can

say my bag was stolen so that’s a great

example of using passive when you don’t

know the person who did the action you

can also use passive when it’s not

important to refer to the person who

completed the action that’s fine as well

you can use passive when you need to

hide information or when you need to

keep something secret so there are lots

of different ways to use passive to tell

a story and we do this all the time in

our everyday life another example might

be if a glass of water is knocked over

in my house and i don’t know who did it

i don’t know how it happened i might say

ah my glass of water got knocked over or

my glass of water was knocked over so

there are lots of different situations

where it’s very natural to use passive

if you learn that using passive is bad

or something like that

try to forget it passive has a time and

a place there are definitely times when

it’s a great idea to use passive so yes

please include it in your stories when

it feels right i hope that this answers

your question all right that is

everything that i have for this week

thank you very much for sending me your

awesome questions i really appreciate it

of course if you want to send me a

question you can do so at

englishclass101.com

ask hyphen alicia you can check a link

in the description to find it there as

well

also if you enjoyed this video please

don’t forget to give it a thumbs up and

subscribe to this channel if you haven’t

already thanks very much for watching

this episode of ask alicia and i will

see you again next time bye

restaurant

a restaurant is a place you can go to

have someone else cook food and serve it

to you it’s often a place we go for a

treat or a special occasion

that’s a good restaurant

that’s a

good

restaurant

cafe

cafe a cafe is another place you can go

to to have someone else cook for you and

prepare drinks for you but a cafe tends

to be a little bit smaller than a

restaurant in size and the menu is also

a little smaller usually at cafes you

can find tea coffee and other drinks in

addition to very light food like cakes

or donuts

where is the closest cafe

coffee shop

sometimes we use coffee shop and cafe to

mean the same thing but a coffee shop

specifically is a shop that serves just

coffee so there are no other drinks on

the menu just coffee in terms of food

you might see a cookie or something else

small like that

shall we stop by a coffee shop

bar

a bar is a place you can visit to have

alcoholic drinks bars usually also have

non-alcoholic drinks available too in

most cases bars are available for adults

to enter only kids are not allowed

my favorite bar was closed

my favorite bar

was closed

furniture

furniture refers to all of the objects

we have in our house that we use for

sitting for laying and for other kinds

of decoration and storage for example a

couch or a bed or a shelf these are all

examples of furniture

we’ll load the furniture into the truck

we’ll

load the furniture into the truck

grass

grass is very commonly found in front of

people’s houses when they live in the

suburbs so in the area outside of big

cities in the usa people like to take

care of the grass in front of their

house you can also find wild grass so it

tends to not be so green you might see

wild grass in yellow or orange colors

the grasses that you see in front of

people’s homes in the u.s tends to be a

green color

the green grass smells fresh

soil

soil is what we use to put plants in

that will help them grow soil has lots

and lots of minerals and good things

that are helpful for plants as they get

bigger

the soil cracked due to the drought

dirt

so dirt and soil look very similar the

difference between dirt and soil is that

soil has lots of minerals and things

that are good for plants that helps them

grow

dirt on the other hand does not have

minerals it doesn’t have all those

things that are helpful for plants

the baby elephant is playing with dirt

in a zoo

the baby elephant is playing with dirt

in a zoo

the baby elephant is playing with dirt

in a zoo

rock

a rock is a very small hard object we

see rocks all over the place in nature

they can be small as i described but you

might also see larger rocks too so they

are very hard to break and very

dangerous if you throw them

the two crabs are walking on a rock

tree

a tree is a type of plant a tree is

generally quite tall usually taller than

people and they can stretch to be

extremely extremely tall in forests for

example

he was reading a book under a tree

taoism

taoism is a philosophy that began in

china a key focus of taoism is living in

harmony

taoism is also known as taoism

bible

a bible is a book of sacred or holy

texts important in the christian

religion

he reads the bible

quran

qaran

quran refers to the collection of sacred

or holy texts important in the religion

of islam

the quran is the holy book of the muslim

religion

the quran is the holy book of the muslim

religion

the quran

is the holy book of the muslim religion

priest

a priest is a religious leader in a

community priest is used to refer to men

he got advice from a priest

got advice from

a priest

judaism

judaism is a religion connected to the

culture traditions and history of the

jewish people

judaism has been practiced for over

three thousand years

judaism has been practiced for over

three thousand years

judaism has been practiced for over 3000

years

one thousand

one

thousand so one thousand refers to one

thousand of something

there is only one thousand yen in my

wallet

there is only one thousand yen in my

wallet

there is only one thousand yen in my

wallet

two thousand

two

thousand two thousand refers to two one

thousands of something

it costs two thousand dollars

costs two

thousand dollars

eight thousand

eight

thousand

eight thousand refers to eight one

thousands of something when you

pronounce this the eight and thousands

sound like they connect a little bit so

not eight

thousand but eight thousand

eight thousand people live in that

village

eight thousand people live in that

village

eight thousand people

live in that village

ten thousand

ten thousand refers to ten thousands of

something

they raised ten thousand euro for

charity

they raised ten thousand euro for

charity

they

raised 10

000 euro for charity

four thousand

four

thousand

4000 refers to four one thousands of

something

the stadium is four thousand square

meters

the stadium is four thousand square

meters

the stadium is 4 000 square meters

landlord

land lord

a landlord is the person who owns land

or a person who owns a building if you

rent a house or if you rent an apartment

you probably have to pay your rent to a

landlord every month

my brother’s landlord will not accept a

check

my brother’s landlord will not accept a

check

my brother’s landlord will not accept a

check

dormitory

dorm-e-tori

a dormitory is a place where many people

live together usually students live in

dormitories especially their first or

maybe second year of college you may

also see company dormitories for company

staff this word is long so we often call

them dorms

i lived in the dormitory for all four

years of college

i lived in the dormitory for all four

years of college

i lived in the dormitory for all four

years of

college

apartment building

apartment

building

an apartment building is a building

that’s used just for apartments so

there’s lots and lots of small houses

inside an apartment building this is

different from a dormitory because a

dormitory is usually a bunch of small

rooms just rooms together apartment

buildings are composed of like small

houses you can find kitchens living

rooms bathrooms everything inside one

apartment

there are 24 apartments in this

apartment building

there are 24 apartments in this

apartment building

there

are

24 apartments

in this apartment building

city

a city is like a very big town a city is

a place with many people it’s very

lively there are lots of activities lots

of things to do it can be noisy at times

so think of a city as something bigger

and much more exciting perhaps than a

town

he moved from the country to the city

farm

a farm is a place where food is grown

this can be vegetables fruits it can

also be livestock so livestock means for

example cows pigs sheep and so on so a

farm is a place where food comes from

the goats are playing on the farm

tsunami

a tsunami is like a very very large very

fast moving

a tsunami is a very very dangerous

natural occurrence it can cause huge

disasters in cities and towns

the tsunami hit the city

the tsunami hit the

city the

tsunami hit

the city

avalanche

an avalanche is another type of natural

disaster when a lot of snow

becomes dislodged meaning it gets moved

from its original position high up in

the mountains and a lot of snow moves

together it can create a very very large

amount of snow that falls down a

mountain very very fast this can be

extremely dangerous if you’re hiking or

skiing or snowboarding

the avalanche destroyed the ski resort

but luckily nobody was hurt

the avalanche destroyed the ski resort

but luckily nobody was hurt

the avalanche destroyed the ski resort

but luckily nobody was hurt

fire

so there are many situations where we

use the word fire we can of course use

it to talk about like the top of a

candle for example but when we need to

talk about a disaster or an emergency

situation we call it a fire we use the

article uh or we use the as well to talk

about a specific disaster when we talk

about it to describe a disaster it’s

typically a very large scale fire as in

like a building fire or perhaps a fire

at a store

the fire is burning

earthquake

earth

quake

an earthquake is another type of natural

disaster it may be helpful to break this

word into two parts to understand the

meaning earth refers to our planet so

the ground quake means to shake so we

can imagine this as together meaning

ground and shake so earthquake means

shaking ground or the planet shaking in

some way earthquakes can be very big or

very small so sometimes they can be very

dangerous generally they are fairly

surprising

the earthquake is shaking the ground

sandstorm

sand storm

so a sandstorm is a type of storm where

instead of rain or clouds or thunder and

lightning in the air there’s sand that

is moving around quickly high speeds in

the air so a sandstorm can move up way

way way high up in the air and then it

can fall to the ground or it can touch

down is what we call it when a sandstorm

moves from high up in the air to ground

level we call that touching down this

can be a very very dangerous situation

the sandstorm has touched down

the sand storm has touched down

glove

a glove is an article of clothing it’s a

piece of clothing we wear gloves on our

hands a glove is different from a mitten

which you might know about because a

glove has space for individual fingers

there’s a pocket for each finger with a

glove a mitten uses one pocket only for

all of these fingers

i need new gloves for autumn

umbrella

an umbrella is something we use to

protect ourselves from the rain we can

carry small folding umbrellas or we can

choose to use a larger umbrella when we

use an umbrella we put it up above our

heads to protect us from falling

raindrops i forgot my umbrella in the

office

i forgot my umbrella in the office

hat

so a hat is a type of clothing we wear

hats on our head

hat is the most general type of hat

there are many different types of hat

inside the category you might see

beanies you might see baseball hats or

baseball caps you might see cowboy hats

there are many different types we can

understand all of these as hats

how much is this hat

long-sleeved

long-sleeved is an adjective we use

long-sleeved to talk about the length of

a sleeve on a shirt something that is

long-sleeved goes until the wrist this

is what we consider long and make sure

you clearly pronounce that d sound at

the end so not long sleeve but long

sleeved

shirt

long-sleeved shirts are good for cold

weather

long-sleeve shirts are good for cold

weather

long-sleeved shirts are good for cold

weather

short sleeved

short

sleeved

so a short sleeved shirt is the opposite

of a long-sleeved shirt if a

long-sleeved shirt goes all the way to

the wrist a short-sleeved shirt

generally ends about here if you can

imagine a t-shirt that’s a very good

example of a short sleeved shirt

short sleeve shirts are better when it’s

warm

short sleeved shirts are better when it

is warm

short sleeved shirts are better when it

is warm

painful

painful is an adjective we use painful

to talk about things that hurt us things

that cause pain this can refer to

physical pain something that causes us

to feel

unpleasant sensations in the body we can

also use this word to talk about things

that are emotionally difficult so

something that is emotionally painful

might be something that causes us to

feel sad or angry for example

a jellyfish sting is very painful

jellyfish sting

is very painful

shy

shy is an adjective that we use to talk

about people we might use it to talk

about animals like pets from time to

time too someone who is shy doesn’t like

to talk to other people or maybe they

feel nervous in social situations

don’t be shy

nervous

so nervous is an adjective and we use

nervus to describe our feelings usually

before we do something kind of exciting

like a performance or maybe before we do

something a little bit dangerous so a

key difference here nervous versus shy

someone who is shy we use shy to talk

about a person’s personality trait

nervous is used to talk about our

feelings in a moment so we could say i

feel nervous right now but we would use

shy to describe someone’s personality

she is shy or he is shy nervous is

temporary hopefully

speaking in public makes me nervous

excited

excited is an adjective that we use to

talk about feelings of happiness or

feelings of enthusiasm

again this is an adjective we use to

talk about a temporary situation so we

use excited to talk about something

maybe we are looking forward to

the young scientist was excited

embarrassed

embarrassed is an adjective we use to

describe our feelings after something

usually

unpleasant happens to us we’ve made a

mistake in front of many people for

example and we want to describe that

feeling of shame we can use embarrassed

to do that

my face turns red when i’m embarrassed

my face turns red when i am embarrassed

country

kuntri

the word country has a few different

uses so you probably know about country

as in the place where you were born you

know there are many different countries

in the world

this use of country however refers to a

place outside the city you might know

the word countryside to refer to some

place out in nature we often use country

to make that word a little shorter in

everyday conversation

they have a big house in the country

village

a village is like a very very small town

there are not so many people and not so

many buildings it’s a very small

community of people

my grandfather lives in a small village

town

a town is a little bit larger than a

village there are more people maybe

there are more stores restaurants

perhaps more activities more things to

excuse me where is the nearest town

excuse me

where is the nearest town

suburb

sub

herb

a suburb is an area just outside a big

city so if you imagine a big city as

being at the core of a circle the suburb

area is the area a little bit outside of

that core city area so the suburbs are

generally considered good places to

raise families because you have access

to the big city but there’s a little

more nature and they’re generally safer

places

i moved to the suburbs last year

i moved to the suburbs last

year room

room

so a room is a space inside a house or

an apartment or other kind of living

situation we usually use the word room

to talk about the place where you sleep

you may also see room at the end of

other words to talk about the function

of that room like living room or dining

room or bathroom

my room is small

burn

a burn is a type of injury when we have

a burn it’s usually very very painful

kind of stings a little bit it turns red

and it can hurt to touch a burn is

caused by something very hot like fire

or perhaps touching a hot stove

my burn hurts a lot

chest

chest is a very well-known board game

it’s played between two people each

player has a lot of pieces and the goal

of the game is to use your pieces to

move into a position so that you’re

ready to take your opponent’s king

chess is a game of strategy and

concentration

chess is a game of strategy and

concentration

chess is a game of strategy and

concentration

language

language refers to vocabulary words

grammar rules idioms and so on all of

the things that work together that allow

you to communicate with another person

think in the language you want to learn

blow dry

so to blow dry refers to using a drying

machine of some kind usually for hair

to cause something to become dry

i blow dry my hair every

morning i blow dry my hair every morning

i blow dry my hair every morning

martial arts

martial

arts

martial arts refers to methods of combat

so fighting with other people and

self-defense so protecting yourself from

attackers

in today’s world they can be used for

fighting and for self-defense but they

are widely commonly practiced as sports

do you like martial arts

satisfied

satisfied is used to talk about being

happy with the outcome of something you

can use this after a meal after

purchasing a product after you have some

kind of experience you can describe a

pleasant reaction to the experience with

satisfied

i’m satisfied with the result

calm

calm is an adjective we can use to talk

about people and that we can use to talk

about environments like the weather or

nature so when something is calm or when

a person is calm it is undisturbed so

someone who is calm doesn’t get angry or

upset easily when we want to describe an

environment that is calm it’s the same

idea so it’s not turbulent there are not

lots of waves or not lots of wind

everything is very still

the ocean is calm

comb

comb can be used as a noun or as a verb

as a verb it means the action of using a

comb to remove something from hair or to

straighten hair

i comb my dog every day

gargle

gar gull

so gargle this is a verb we use it to

describe the health practice of taking

water or another liquid into your mouth

and kind of using your throat muscles to

mix that around in your mouth maybe to

clear out bacteria or to clear out germs

so typically we do not swallow or take

that liquid into our body we usually

spit it out this is called gargling

i gargle several times a day

gargle several times a day

dissatisfied

dissatisfied is used to describe an

unhappy feeling at the outcome of

something so after a meal that’s not

good or if we buy a product that’s not

very good we can describe our feelings

our unhappy feelings with the word

dissatisfied

the man is dissatisfied with the product

the man is dissatisfied

with the product

five thousand

five

thousand

five thousand refers to five thousands

of something remember when you use the

word thousand as a counter word simply

put the basic form of the number before

the word thousand you don’t need to make

any changes to that number word

five thousand people were protesting on

the square

five thousand people were protesting on

the square

five thousand people were protesting on

the square

three thousand

three

thousand

so three thousand refers to three

thousands of something again before

using the word thousand simply use the

basic number word

in peru more than three thousand types

of potatoes exist

in peru more than three thousand types

of potatoes exist

in peru

more than three thousand types of

potatoes exist

six thousand

six

thousand

six thousand refers to six one thousands

of something

there are around six thousand islands in

greece

there are around six thousand islands in

greece

there are around six thousand islands in

greece

seven thousand

seven thousand refers to seven one

thousands of something

she sold seven thousand albums

nine thousand

nine

thousand

nine thousand refers to nine one

thousands of something

nine thousand troops withdrew from the

country

nine thousand troops withdrew from the

country

nine thousand troops withdrew from the

country

rose

a rose is a very common and very popular

flower it’s very commonly associated

with romance it’s given as a romantic

gift or sometimes just as a friendly

gift

i was given a white rose

i was

given a white

rose

flower

a flower is a plant that has a generally

very colorful and often good smelling

part many people like to pick flowers

and give them as gifts to others

there are many types of flowers in the

park

there are many types of flowers in the

park there are many types of flowers in

the park

lily

a lily is one type of flower generally

lilies are white they might look very

very pure and have kind of a peaceful

appearance about them

she bought some lilies on her way home

sunflower

sunflower sunflower

a sunflower is a very bright flower it’s

generally yellow or orange and many

people think of sunflowers as being very

cheerful

the field is full of sunflowers

dandelion

a dandelion is a small bright yellow

flower lots of people think of this as

kind of a nuisance as a pest flower

because it’s very very easy for a

dandelion to grow anywhere lots of

people like to blow on dandelions and

make wishes as they do

dandelions are eaten in soups and salads

in some places

dandelions are eaten in soups and salads

in some places

dandelions are eaten in soups and salads

in some places

traveling traveling

traveling

traveling simply means moving from one

place to another when we talk about

traveling we sometimes are talking about

traveling for business going someplace

for business though we can also use it

to talk about vacation for fun

traveling requires a lot of preparation

exercising

exercising refers to moving the body

like running or jogging or doing yoga we

do some kind of physical motion to

improve our health or to keep our body

in good shape

the woman is exercising on the floor

workout

work

out

so a workout refers to an exercise

routine like your exercise plan for a

day or a session or a month for example

a 30-minute workout every day can

improve your health

a 30-minute workout every day can

improve your health

a 30-minute workout every day can

improve your health

reading

re-ding

reading is the simple act of looking at

words on a page and taking them into

your mind so reading is a very very

common hobby many people love reading

whether it’s books or newspapers or

magazines

i really like reading books

playing cards

playing cards used as a noun refers to

what’s called a deck of cards where we

have numbers from ace through two to ten

included and then we have a jack a queen

and a king so a set of these is called

playing cards those are called playing

cards when we use these to play a game

we use the expression to play cards for

example we often play cards on a warm

summer evening

we often play cards on a warm summer

evening

often play cards on a warm summer

evening

earring

ear ring

an earring is a type of jewelry we wear

earrings in our ears many people have

places for earrings at the base of their

ears though you can also wear them up at

the top of the ear a good way to

remember earring is to break the word

into two parts ear and ring this can

help you to remember it’s a ring though

not always in a ring shape that goes in

your ear

big earrings are fashionable

necklace

neck

less

a necklace is another type of jewelry we

wear a necklace around our neck so again

we can break this word into two parts to

help us remember the word neck is the

first part and lace is the second part

so today although we don’t usually wear

lace around our neck as jewelry it’s

still a type of decoration so this can

help us to connect the meaning with the

word in our mind

how much is that diamond necklace

how much is that

diamond necklace

ring

a ring is a type of jewelry that we wear

on the finger men and women wear rings

very very commonly

the jeweler showed me a beautiful ring

boxer shorts

boxer

shorts

boxer shorts are a very common type of

underwear typically men wear them but

really anybody can wear them if they

decide to

boxer shorts are an undergarment for men

skirt

a skirt is a type of clothing we wear

skirts from the waist down they can be

very short skirts or very long skirts

many women like to wear skirts but these

days anyone can wear whatever they like

she is wearing a yellow skirt

hamburger

a hamburger is a very very popular type

of food a hamburger in the most basic

sense of the word is a patty so a piece

of meat usually made of beef though

sometimes of pork

and it is between two pieces of bread

this is a hamburger

i have just ordered a hamburger

cheeseburger

a cheeseburger is just like a hamburger

so a hamburger is a piece of grilled

meat and it’s between two pieces of

bread a cheeseburger is different

because we put cheese on top of the meat

between the pieces of bread

a cheeseburger is a hamburger with a

slice of cheese

a cheeseburger is a hamburger with a

slice of cheese

cheeseburger is a hamburger with a slice

of cheese

pizza

pizza is a very common and very popular

food all around the world pizza very

simply is a large piece of bread that we

call crust it’s very very thin bread and

there’s typically a sauce on top in

addition to meats cheeses vegetables

whatever you like

pizza is an italian dish but it is a

popular dish around the world

pizza is an italian dish but it is a

popular dish around the world

pizza is an italian dish but it is a

popular dish around the world

hot dog

hot

dog

a hot dog is a food that’s very commonly

eaten at sporting events in the usa and

in other countries as well a hot dog is

a piece of meat usually a type of pork

that is quite long and it’s inside two

pieces of bread usually as toppings we

have mustard or ketchup or maybe other

things as well

i prefer hot dogs at a bbq

i prefer

hot dogs at a bbq

tip

a tip is something that you might not

have in your country it’s like an extra

amount we pay after a service situation

so typically when you go to a cafe or to

a restaurant in the usa or in some other

countries after your meal after you have

your experience there it’s common to

leave what’s called a tip so it’s extra

money that you give to the server at

that place to thank them for their

service

do not forget to leave a tip for the

waiter or waitress

do not forget to leave a tip for the

waiter or waitress

do not forget to leave a tip for the

waiter or waitress

hey everyone

welcome to the monthly review the

monthly show on language learning

[Music]

where you discover new learning

strategies motivational tips study tools

and resources

by the way all the lessons and bonuses

you’re about to see can be downloaded

for free on our website

so click the link in the description

right now to sign up for your free

lifetime account okay today’s topic is

how to boost your motivation and learn

more by adding others to the mix

if you’re learning a language all by

yourself then you should know that

there’s a way to boost your chance of

success boost your motivation your

progress it’s simply by including other

people in your language learning journey

and in today’s episode you’ll discover

one how adding a human dynamic boosts

your motivation and two how you can

apply this tactic to your language

learning

[Music]

but first here are this month’s new

lessons and resources be sure to

download these now before we take them

down in a few days first the making

movies conversation cheat sheet with

this new cheat sheet you’ll learn words

like actor screenwriter director and

much more download it for free on the

inside

second the 400 everyday phrases for

beginners ebook this bonus ebook will

teach you over 400 words and phrases

related to daily activities like waking

up making breakfast going to work or

school and more

third can you talk about fishing in your

target language learn how to say words

like fishing rod bait and fishing net

with this quick vocab bonus

fourth must know online shopping

vocabulary if you like shopping then

you’ll want to be able to talk about it

in your target language with this one

minute lesson you’ll learn must know

words like sale add to cart and much

to get your free resources click the

link in the description below right now

they’re yours to keep forever okay let’s

jump into today’s topic

how to boost your motivation and learn

more by adding others to the mix

part one how adding a human dynamic

boosts your motivation

so first here’s a question for you how

do you think most people start learning

a language leave a comment

most people start learning by themselves

they’ll either watch youtube videos like

this download an app or if they’re a

little more serious by a textbook

but after the first week or month most

self-learners also end up falling off

because of a lack of motivation it’s

pretty hard to motivate yourself and

keep yourself going it’s hard because

you have to one rely on yourself to

motivate yourself two do the learning

and three do the practice all of this is

a lot of work for one person

sure there’s a small group of super

self-motivated people out there that can

do it and stick with it but that’s not

the case for most of us

so then if you want to boost your

motivation and not have to rely on

yourself that’s where you should start

getting other people involved in your

language learning journey just picture a

graph where on the y-axis you have

motivation and on the x-axis you have

the chance of success so first you have

self-study and that’s probably closest

to lower motivation and probably a low

chance of succeeding as you move further

to the right where you start involving

tutors or joining group classes the

higher your motivation and chance of

success becomes

does this mean motivation is lowest when

you’re on your own yes and no there are

people who are very motivated on their

own but motivation tends to come and go

for many of us and the last thing you

want to do is rely on a feeling that may

not always be there but when you start

including more personal connections live

interactions maybe someone you speak

with at a cafe you have more reasons and

more pressure to keep on going for

example if you have a tutor that expects

you to do homework and come prepared

next time if you have a language partner

whom you want to impress

or if you’re in a language class you

want to be better than other students

the point is the more people you involve

the more anchor points and commitments

you have to the language and these boost

your motivation

in psychology this is called social

facilitation or the audience effect when

you’re with other people or when you

think someone is watching you you put a

little pressure on yourself and for many

people this can have a positive result

but if you’re on your own you wouldn’t

try so hard

so just to recap a lot of us start

learning on our own and in the case of

language learning there will always be

self-study involved but if you want to

take it to the next level then you

should follow that graph

the only issue is the more you go up

that graph the more expensive it gets

it’s very affordable to learn on your

own once you start involving others such

as a teacher it starts getting expensive

so it’s up to you as the learner here so

if you’re interested in adding a human

dynamic what can you do

part two how you can apply this to your

language learning

one give our premium plus plan a try and

get access to your own teacher you also

get weekly assignments from your teacher

which adds a nice layer of

accountability to your learning

two enroll in an online class and this

is something we started offering for a

few of our major languages japanese

english chinese italian korean french

and spanish

three get an online or in-person tutor

now teachers and classes can be pricey

but there are other ways to learn with

others

four get a study buddy or join a

learning community learning and

competing with others will definitely

have a positive impact on your

motivation and language progress

five simply talk with others about your

language goals and your current progress

when you’re surrounded by people talking

about how much they’ve learned or what

goals they hit or miss you’ll be more

inspired to hit your own goals

track your progress and share it on

your social media for others to see for

example if you keep a daily planner

write in i did three lessons today or

spend 30 minutes on learning a language

and share that

once you start involving more people in

your language journey whether for

learning or for practice adding that

extra human element will boost your

productivity and motivation and help you

reach your language goals

so thank you for watching this episode

of monthly review

next time we’ll talk about how to learn

a new language in the new year

if you enjoyed these tips hit the like

button

share the video with anyone who’s trying

to learn a language and subscribe to our

channel we release new videos every week

and if you’re ready to finally learn

language the fast fun and easy way and

start speaking from your very first

lesson get our complete learning program

right now click the link in the

description see you next time bye

since you’re learning the language and

coming across new words all the time do

you have trouble remembering new words

if you do then there is a proven and

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easily remember the tough words you

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and the good news is you can do this all

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learning program

but first if you don’t yet have access

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now how do flash cards help you learn

words and phrases faster

these flashcards use something called

spaced repetition learning which is a

science-backed learning method that

spaces out your learning over time and

quizzes you on words at the right times

so that you never forget them here’s how

the flash cards work once you start

learning they start tracking your

progress and sorts your cards for you so

the tough words that you struggle with

you’ll see them more often in a study

session and the easy words that you get

right they’ll start getting spaced out

you’ll see them again in 2 days then 5

days then 13 days and so on at which

point these words will start going into

your long-term memory and you’ll never

forget them

once you’re done with a study session

that’s it for the day your flash cards

will remind you when to study again so

you never forget what you learned last

time

so here’s how you take advantage of this

powerful study tool

simply access flashcards in the

vocabulary drop down menu on the site

inside you already have the 100

must-know words deck prepared for you

just click on study and start session to

start learning you’ll see a flashcard

with the word in the target language do

you know the meaning click on show

answer to confirm the meaning then mark

it as correct or incorrect

based on your answer the flashcards will

start sorting and spacing out the words

for you

then move on to the next card in the

deck until you’re done with the session

you can study with three modes

recognition get the word in the target

language and see if you know the meaning

production get the meaning and see if

you know it in the target language or

listening hear the word or phrase and

see if you know the meaning

choose one two or all three modes of

learning

you can create flashcard decks from key

phrases presented in lessons

the 2000 core word list

words saved in your word bank and our

free vocab lists

want to see how many words and phrases

you’ve mastered

visit my stats for your daily weekly and

monthly progress breakdown to see your

personal study stats

so take advantage of the smart flash

cards right now

the top 100 must know words deck is

already ready and waiting for you but if

you don’t yet have access sign up for a

free lifetime account right now just

click the link in the description to get

your free lifetime account

if you want to learn your target

language with our learning program and

if you’re wondering which plan to choose

then today you’ll discover how our

premium plan helps you master the

language with

one clear learning pathway to follow

which makes sticking with learning

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special lessons that get you speaking

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over 15 study tools that will lock the

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but first if you don’t have access to

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how does the premium plan help you learn

a language faster

one you get one simple learning pathway

of lessons to follow

if you’ve always felt that language

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clear path to take well you’re not wrong

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learning pathway with our program the

learning pathway is simply a pathway of

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from lesson one to two to three and from

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now let’s talk about the lessons

themselves

second you learn the language fast with

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master words and phrases fast with our

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read along with the lesson notes to help

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understand everything instantly with the

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sharpen your listening skills with the

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immerse yourself in native conversations

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想免费学习您的目标语言，然后在到期前立即获得我们本月的语言礼物这是您本月首先获得的内容制作电影对话备忘单使用此新备忘单，您将学习演员、编剧、导演等单词还有更多内容免费下载第二本 400 个初学者日常短语电子书这本额外的电子书将教您 400 多个与日常活动相关的单词和短语，例如起床做早餐去上班或上学等等用你的目标语言钓鱼学习如何用这个快速词汇奖金说鱼竿诱饵和渔网之类的单词第四必须知道网上购物词汇如果你喜欢购物，那么你将希望能够用你的目标语言谈论它一分钟的课程，您将学习必须知道的单词，例如销售添加到购物车以及更多第五种免费语言学习有声读物，供观看此视频的任何人使用 eo 如果你看了这么多，那么这里有一个免费的奖励，我们让所有用户免费访问我们庞大的语言学习有声读物库，将它们保存到你的设备上，听并学习它们是你的，可以永远保留，最后是交易如果您想通过真正的老师和我们完整的语言学习计划最终掌握语言，则可以通过我们的黑色星期五特别优惠获得所有基本保费和保费加计划的 51 优惠，以获得您的礼物和语言学习资源，请单击链接下面的课程说明在它们到期之前立即下载它们 [音乐] 大家好，我的名字是 alicia 在这节课中，我将讨论单词之间的一些差异，只有我将以两种方式看待这些单词他们被使用了我将在本课中专注于他们的副词使用让我们开始吧我想从谈论这个词开始，所以我在这里有两个含义，只是第一个含义 f 或者只是一个与 only 有相同含义的句子，所以我们将看到这是同一种句型，相同的用法，所以只是或仅以这种方式强调一个小的程度或少量的东西，所以当我们想要的时候为了使某些东西看起来更小或者可能不那么重要，我们可以使用“只是”这个词，或者我们可以只使用这个词来做一些例子，我在这里只吃了一个饼干，所以指出我想让它变得更小我想强调这个我用来做的饼干显示所以不是两个不是三个一我想强调那里的小数字第二我们只有三天的假期所以在这里我想强调三天是一小段时间所以只有三天表明演讲者觉得不是很大程度上，假期的时间并不长，所以我们用它来强调如果我们只从句子中删除它在语法上仍然是正确的 i ate one cookie 没关系我们有三天的假期没关系，但只使用强调一个小程度或少量的东西，所以我们会看到这个，好吧，让我们看看第二个用法，我们可以只用于最近完成的动作或发生在很近的动作 future 当我们只用来谈论不久的将来的动作时，我们将它与 about two about two 一起使用，您可能会听到一些说话者仅与动词的 ing 形式一起使用，这意味着某事正在发生，就像现在它正在开始，所以它非常接近未来你可能会听到，所以大约两个，这意味着它还没有开始，但它很快就会开始所以让我们先看一些例子我刚刚完成我的作业我刚刚完成我的作业所以完成在这里是过去式这是指一个最近完成的动作你刚刚打电话给我吗这是一个问题所以这里的电话是现在时是的但是我们在这里做了过去时你打电话给我吗你只是打电话给我的意思是在最近的过去你打电话了吗 l 所以使用只是表明这些是不久的将来的情况我正要去吃午饭午餐你想来吗我们经常使用这种过去式模式，当事情改变我们的计划时，比如我正要去吃午饭，但这个紧急任务出现了，所以有时我们会这样做，你可以听到这两种情况，这取决于说话者的感觉有点好吧，我们即将离开，所以这使用了我所说的现在时态，我们即将离开，这表明这是一个即将到来的计划，在不久的将来再次出现在动词在过去时的例子中，所以请记住这一点，因为对于本课的这个内容，一般来说，词序在这里非常重要，所以当你使用这个意思时，我们需要使用一个意思来强调一个小的程度就在这个词之前它修改了所以在这里我要强调的重点是一一或三个所以就在那个词之前很多人甚至母语人士都会犯的错误是在动词之前使用这里我只是吃了一块饼干或者我们刚刚吃了我们假期三天，所以他们想强调这一点，但他们的位置就在动词之前，这是不正确的，因为我们只是在这个位置使用这种模式来表示最近完成的动作我刚吃了一个饼干，听起来就像我最近吃了一个正确的 cookie 可能是一个语法正确的句子 ’re using only again 它与这里的第一个含义共享这个含义，所以我们强调的是小程度的东西，并且相同的词序规则适用，我们只能在 t 之前使用它修改了这个词，所以我们可以使用相同的例句 i ate only one cookie 或者我们只有三天的假期，所以我们只能从句子中删除并且句子保持语法正确，我们只是强调一三个这种情况和使用仅表明如果我们只在句子中的其他位置定位，例如我只吃了一块饼干或者我们只有三天的假期，那么它会修改动词并改变它例如，如果我说我只吃了一个饼干，这意味着我没有对那个饼干做任何其他事情，所以我只吃了一个饼干我没有看饼干我没有闻到饼干我没有烤饼干我只吃了一块饼干，所以我们在这里修改动词，它出现在一块之前，所以我只吃了一块饼干，所以不是两个，不是三个，不是四个，我只吃了一个，所以记住这一点，这是许多母语人士遇到问题的关键点太ok了 y 让我们看一下本课的第二个用法行动所以这是当我们想说一件事没有另一件事是不可能的所以也许你们中的一些人已经研究过 if only if as long as 和 unless 等等，所以这就像我们使用这些的那种情况例如，只有当我们现在开始储蓄时，我们才能在今年夏天放长假，因此仅使用 if 表明这种情况今年夏天放长假是可能的，但是有一个条件是有限制的，所以只有我们现在开始储蓄意味着如果我们这样做现在不开始存钱我们不能去度假所以我们可以说是如果我们现在开始存钱肯定没问题但这是在强调限制只有现在开始存钱才有可能如果我们现在不开始储蓄，那将不可能让我们再看一个例子，例如在这种情况下，我想像一个母亲或父亲对他们的孩子说话，所以是的，你可以去你朋友的聚会，但前提是你完成你的作业，所以我们再次看到一种情况，比如我们有兴趣参加朋友的聚会，然后我们看到限制，只有当你完成作业时，只有当你完成作业时，你才能去聚会，这样意味着必须完成家庭作业如果完成，孩子必须完成他或她的家庭作业孩子可以去参加聚会，所以这只会更清楚地表明限制，而不是仅仅需要使用来强调限制，以便我们可以这样做你可能会听到一些以英语为母语的人将 only 和 if 拆分为 like um 所以他们在句子中的距离很长有时我听到例如我们只能在今年夏天放一个长假如果我们开始储蓄现在所以在大多数情况下，这不会导致沟通问题，但为了清楚起见，我建议你尽量保持你的 only 和 if 在一起，这样你就可以清楚地看到条件和限制，所以在这里放的词序确实很重要 this 在条件之前这是必须发生的事情它必须完成它必须完成才能让另一件事发生所以你的词序在这里很重要所以从本课中一个重要的点意味着一个唯一的，只是他们是同样，您可以以相同的方式使用它们，因此不必担心在这两者之间进行选择。要担心的是单词在句子中的位置，如果需要，请确保将其放在要修改的单词之前有关这些点的更多信息，特别是单词，有一个关于仅在句子中定位单词的课程，所以如果您有其他问题或其他交流，请查看该视频的 youtube 频道当然 ent请随时在该视频的评论部分告诉我们，或者尝试用这些词制作一些您自己的例句当然如果您喜欢该视频，请不要忘记给它一个大拇指订阅我们的频道如果您还没有，请在englishclass101.com 上查看我们，了解其他可以帮助您学习英语的内容非常感谢您观看本课，我很快就会再见到您，再见，大家好，本课我的名字是艾丽西亚 ‘我将讨论使用这个词的三种方式，不会涵盖词的所有用法，但我们将专注于使用这个词的三种非常常见和非常有用的方式让我们开始吧，好吧第一次使用of 我想谈论的是用于显示部分或部分与整体之间的联系或关系，所以这意味着当我们想要显示两件事时，两个或更多的事物具有某种关系，它们可以组合在一起，或者它们具有某种联系或我们想在一个更大的群体中谈论事物，例如，在我们使用的这个含义的整个事物中的事物的片段，让我们看一些例子，第一个例子我在这里吃了一块蛋糕，我们正在展示在这种情况下，孔内的零件我们在这里看一个零件，我的零件是一块，在这种情况下，整体是一块蛋糕，所以当我想谈论这种情况下的一个零件时，我将零件连接到孔用 i ate a piece of cake 这个词我可以把它变成复数词这些反词和不可数名词非常常见，让我们看看下一个例句他打破了我的桌子的一部分，他打破了我的桌子的一部分，所以我们再次看到在这种情况下，实际上是连接到这个洞的一部分案例我的桌子我的桌子代表我们正在谈论的洞 g 关于这里所以他打破了我桌子的一部分可能意味着例如桌子的一条腿或桌子的一角一件桌子的一部分所以他打破了我桌子的一部分表明只有一件受到影响我们展示了一部分以及通过将它们连接到整体的关系他打破了一部分我的桌子不正确我的桌子的一部分是正确的好吧让我们继续下一句话一个孩子哭了一个孩子在这里哭了我们有孩子指的一组特定的孩子这里的部分是一个这意味着一个孩子一组孩子中的一个孩子哭了，所以当我们谈论学生或工人等人群时，你会经常看到这种模式所以一个孩子哭了，我们也可以把它改成复数形式，两个孩子哭了，它在一个更大的群体中显示部分或一个小数字，所以在这个例句中，我们不知道这里的总数，但因为孩子们复数形式是使用 d 我们知道它指的是一组特定的孩子，我们想谈谈其中一个孩子，我们展示了这个孩子与其中一个孩子哭泣的那群孩子之间的关系，所以这是第一种使用方式在本课中，我想讨论一个更重要和相关的用法，即显示某物内部的一部分以显示某物内部的一部分意味着谈论一个组内的多个事物，例如，在这些情况下，我只关注一个较大群体中的一个部分，但如果你想谈论更大的数字，例如一个群体中的多数或少数，我们可以用它来表明这种关系让我们先看一些例子，大多数学生通过了测试的学生通过了测试，所以我在这里再次谈论我们看到一个非常相似的句子的人，孩子们在我之前的例句中，这里的学生，所以我在谈论特定的学生群体显示虽然大多数学生通过了测试，所以不仅仅是一两个或三个学生通过了测试，而且大多数学生通过了测试，所以我将这与更大的整体联系起来，所以这可能是班上的学生或学生在学校里，不管我把这部分联系起来，即使它是大多数，即使它是大多数我把它联系到大多数通过测试的学生中，你可能还会听到大多数学生通过测试的模式，如果你包括这个，那也没关系虽然你需要包括因为学生指的是一个特定的群体所以我们的明确文章向我们展示我们正在谈论一个特定的学生群体所以这可能是这个班或我的大多数学生课堂上发生了一些特定的事情，所以我们使用我们连接它的如果你不使用特定的定冠词，例如大多数学生通过了可以的测试，但陈述变得不那么规范如果您只是在谈论也许全国各地的学生，例如我们不知道那里不太清楚，因此如果您使用定冠词，请确保使用连接它好吧让我们看另一个示例参加活动的人很富有参加活动的大多数人都很富有 80% 的人基本上超过 50% 是多数人，所以参加活动的大多数人都很富有，所以这是一个例句，我可以选择使用定冠词或不参加活动的大多数人都很富有也可以，因为我在句子中非常清楚我的意思是什么人，所以参加活动的人是特定的人群，所以我可以说参加活动的大多数人都很富有，这也是好吧，我选择不在这里包含它，因为这个额外的信息告诉我哪些人，所以活动中的大多数人在这里都很富有通过使用来显示联系，所以这是我的一部分，我的部分，这是我的总组，我的洞，好吧，再举一个例子，我们都不知道该怎么做我们都不知道该怎么做，所以我们在这里’ 重新显示我们没有人所以我们因为我们正在使用我们它指的是一个组，这意味着我们组内没有人没有人我们组内的人零人不知道该怎么做，所以我们将它与我们中的任何人都没有联系，所以我们不会 t真的说我们中的零听起来不太自然我们会说我们都没有你也可以说没有人知道该怎么做但是我们在这里使用的是因为我们在这种情况下展示了一部分none和我们 ‘正在展示一个洞，所以当你想展示一些东西之间的这种关系时 ide 孔和更大的组将两者联系起来的整体就越大好的让我们继续本课的第二点本课的第二点是用来谈论材料或零件制作或谈论关于一个对象的内容所以内容是指其他东西里面的东西这和我们在这里讨论的有点不同让我们先看几个例句让我们专注于这两个银杯银杯这个这里的使用是向我们展示杯子的材料，所以银杯是由银制成的材料杯子是你会注意到的对象太制作在括号中有时母语人士会在我们说话时放弃这部分关于材料或零件，有些东西是用一杯银制成的，这听起来有点正式，但有时我们确实选择使用银制成，我喜欢在本课中加入它，只是为了让它变得更简单稍微清楚一点，我们在谈论哪种，所以一杯银对我来说也可以使用，这听起来有点礼貌，所以这是向我们展示一个杯子的材料银让我们继续下一个这句话也是一个实质性的句子 her earrings are made of gold her earrings are made of gold so again you see our material come after our connection word of and it’s connected to the object is earrings her earrings were gold made so这两个句子向我们展示了如何我们使用 of 来表示可以用来制作某些东西的材料或部件我想看看接下来的两个句子，尽管这两个句子是指使用 of 对象内容第一个例句我想要一杯酒，请我’ d like a glass please so you’ll notice as we talk about this part we have a counter word and an uncountable noun so wine is an uncountable noun glass is一种计算葡萄酒份量的方法，一种计算葡萄酒份量的方法然而在这里呃，它指的是杯子里的东西，所以我想要一杯酒，请意味着一杯装满酒，所以杯子里只有酒一杯酒我们可以说一品脱啤酒或一杯果汁这些都是反词加上不可数名词连接的模式所以这里这部分指的是反词这是完全在其中的不可数名词我们将两者联系起来再举一个例子盒子里装满了旧字母 box is full of old letters this one does not use an uncountable noun here we’re talking about a box in this case this box 这个盒子的内容曾经是或者曾经是旧字母旧字母所以我们在这里使用因为这是一个很好的提示词 full full 意味着像盒子内部的 100 个是旧字母所以我们在那里显示内容 uh 我们正在将项目对象连接到它的内容我们可以改变这个我们凑合 ld add other things 盒子里装满了旧信件、钢笔和铅笔，或者盒子里装满了旧照片，我们可以改变，如果我们愿意，我们可以在这句话中添加其他东西，但我们在这里展示的是盒子的内容 full of something so you may see that empty is used in a pattern like the box is empty of money 盒子空意味着里面什么都没有所以盒子里装满了意味着它是 100% 呃东西里面的东西是空的意味着没有 0% 所以盒子里没有钱是正确的我们有时使用它听起来更正式一点更礼貌一点但是当你想谈论一些东西的内容时，在这种情况下，一个盒子或者一个包，一个钱包，你可以用它来将内容与对象本身联系起来，所以记住这一点，让我们继续我们最后一次使用 for th 是我们用来展示归属感的第三课你在政府情况下的组织中经常看到公司学校等等我们用它来展示归属感是某事的成员让我们在这里看看这些例子她是公司的负责人她是公司负责人意味着她是公司的最高层，因此在这些模式中，公司是作为集团的组织。负责人意味着最高层或她的职位，她属于公司的方式她是公司的负责人，我们可以改变这部分在这里反映了组织中的不同职位她是公司的经理她是公司的工人，但是您会注意到我们在这种情况下会更改为 in 因为这就像我们不是在谈论一个特定的关键图我们说的是一个有点像团队成员的人，所以她是公司的经理，可能用于一个人像高级经理的情况，所以这个是我们在谈论组织中的关键角色或组织的关键角色时使用这种模式的另一个关键点，因此她是公司的负责人，相比之下，我们不会说她是公司的负责人，我们不会使用像这样的模式她是公司的负责人让我们在这里看另一个例子你见过英国女王你见过英国女王吗英国这是一个国家，但我们认为英国是我们的集团我们的组织女王然后是女王显示了这个最高级别的职位，所以英国女王意味着她是属于英国的女王，所以这表明她与这个更大的组织的关系，在这种情况下是一个国家，所以英国女王，所以我们将再次将其用于我们将使用的政治家这适用于公众人物 Kings Queens 等等，但他们又在他们的组织中处于非常高级别的位置，所以让我们看看一个呃也许较小级别的组织最后一个例子我们是这个小组的领导我们是这个小组的领导所以这可能是你社区中的一个志愿者小组例如这里这个小组是我们的组织领导在这种情况下是领导不止一个人领导是组织中的高层人员我们将高层人员与他们所属的组织联系起来，我们是这个组织的领导者，所以如果我们想谈论成员，我们可以说我们是这样的成员，并且这样的群体是的，但如果你向外界介绍自己，并且你想表现出对你的归属感的自豪感，你会使用它，当我们在内部谈论更多时，我们倾向于使用更多就像我是某某组的成员一样可以，但我们可能会使用类似的公司等等，就像这家公司的经理一样，所以在某些情况下，在前置条件方面有一点灵活性一个很好的规则是，当你谈论某事的领导者，一个团体的领导者或一个组织的领导者时，你可以用它来展示他们的角色，所以领导者王后国王公司的负责人，并用于连接它是公司名称组织名称国家名称等等如果你想谈论某事的成员如果你正在与组外的人交谈使用 i’m a member of such 可能是个好主意和这样的小组，或者我是这家公司的经理，我更愿意亲自用来谈论公司的事情，我可能会用它来谈论与小组相关的事情，所以这可能是一个有点不同的小点对于组织中较低级别的人，但正如我所说的，一个好的规则是用 of 来表现出对组织高层人员的归属感，所以我希望这节课能给你一些好的想法和一些好的机会来练习这个词的这三种用法 of 正如我所说，这个词还有很多其他用法，但我觉得这些可能是一些最常见的方式，也许我们以后可以在另一个视频中更多地讨论 of 的其他用法，如果您有任何问题或意见或者如果您想练习用这个词造句，请随时在评论部分进行，当然如果您喜欢这节课，请不要忘记给它一个赞，如果您还没有订阅我们的频道，并且在englishclass101.com上查看我们的其他一些可以帮助您学习英语的东西非常感谢您观看本课，我很快就会再见到你再见大家好我的名字是艾丽西亚在这节课我要去谈谈什么时候用撇号和什么时候用 let’s get started first w 当我们谈论属于另一个人的东西时，我们使用撇号 s，

所以当我说属于

另一个人的东西时，这可能意味着

像笔或衬衫这样的物体，

或者它可能意味着关于那

个人的外貌的东西

外貌意味着他们看起来的样子，

或者可能与他们的性格有关，

所以那个人有什么样的性格，

他们有什么

特点，

所以当我们提到这些与人有关的事情时，我们使用撇号 s

让我们先看一些例子

这组示例

以撇号 s 为特征，

其中包括一个对象，例如，我

兄弟的

汽车、

我妈妈最喜欢的专辑或

我朋友的钥匙，

我们使用撇号 s，

因为这是一个属于一个人的对象，

如果我在这些句子中使用 of，这

听起来很不自然例如

我兄弟的车或我妈妈最喜欢的

专辑或

我朋友的钥匙

使用这些模式听起来很不自然，

所以因为我们谈论的

是属于一个人的对象，所以使用

所有格形式这个撇号

让我们再看一些例子，

这些又

是属于另一个人的对象，在

这种情况下，不仅仅是我的我的，而是

我们之外的另一个人

你室友的电脑

或

他女朋友的

水瓶所以我们又在

谈论属于

一个人的物品，即使那个人在

我们之外与我们无关我们使用撇号

s 自然地表示拥有

自然地表示所有权

最后在这里让我们看一些

谈论某人的

个性或他们的特征的例子

我朋友的个性

或

他母亲的清洁度

或

他父亲的胡须这不是

个性点这是一个

外表点但你可以看到在

所有这些例句中我们如何

继续使用撇号 s 显示

所有权，所以我朋友

的人格意味着

属于我朋友

或

他母亲的人格清洁度

这表明

他母亲的清洁度这里的胡须

属于说话者的朋友也许是父亲

所以我们使用撇号 s 来表示

对某物的所有权

所以请确保在这种情况下使用撇号 s

关于撇号的另一个重要点

s 的用途

是撇号 s

通常与时间段一起使用，因此

时间段的意思是几天或几周或

几个月，例如它也可以表示

时间点或一天中的时间段，

例如

今天早上的会议

在这里

早上是我的时间段或

在这种情况下，我的时间点是今天早上的会议，

这意味着

今天早上发生的会议或今天早上将要发生的会议，

因此我们可以

将其视为

属于今天早上的会议，我们使用

撇号 s 来表示我们不说

今天早上的会议听起来

很不自然

另一个

例子年度最佳音乐年度最佳

音乐所以在这里我有这个时间

段去年或今年

也许是撇号的最佳音乐，所以这

意味着属于这一年的最佳音乐

我们不会说

年度最佳

音乐，我想

你一定可以，但在许多营销

材料中，你会看到这个撇号使用

它有点

表示所有格形式的亲密关系

好的下一个

今晚的菜单今晚的菜单

所以再次属于今晚的菜单

这是你可能还

看到的与 of 模式一起

使用的菜单，所以使用 of 模式

类型 of 让这样

的事情听起来更正式或

更有礼貌，例如，今晚的菜单

可能不是那么自然，

或者当晚的菜单可能

是你能听到

但我们不这样做的原因

在这样的情况下使用 as often 是因为

它倾向于使情况听起来

更正式或更

礼貌，所以当我在这个

例句中说最好的音乐时

例如，在

颁奖典礼上，例如年度最佳艺术家或年度艺术家之类的颁奖典礼上，您可能会听到这样的

话

，

当我们

想要更加重视我们可能会使用 of 模式的东西时，类似的东西对它有一点重要性，

所以在这两种情况

下，您可能会看到我们不会

在

我谈到的情况下或我之前谈到的情况

下谈论属于人的事物时，在

某些情况

下，我们可能会

在谈论时使用 of 模式时间段，所以这些

可能是您

可能会看到 of used

好的几种情况，因此我们也可以将其与时间段一起使用，

并且它通常

与时间段一起使用，让我们将

其与我们使用

of 的情况进行比较

解释属于或属于

更大的东西的东西，所以请注意，是的，我正在使用

这个属于这里，但这是针对

类似的对象，而不是属于人的东西，

这可能是针对类似的，也许是

组织 ns

或者正如我所说的对象

让我们来看看一些例子，

这里

是小组的领导者

或

视频的结尾

或山顶，

所以在每一种情况下，我们都在

表达一个角色之间的

关系和

第一个例句中的一个洞 group

the group

is my whole

and the leader is one part 所以我们经常

在谈论时使用，就像

组织或小组中的最高人物，

这就是为什么我们使用like leader

小组的成员，或者如果您

在此频道上观看了有关使用

英国女王或公司负责人的视频，

这些是我们用来

谈论小组中的顶级人物的表达方式，因此

他们是小组的一部分或

组织第二个例子视频的结尾是

指视频的一部分所以如果我们

看视频看视频

看视频

这部分是视频的结尾部分

我们用来展示这种

关系

最后

是顶部山

山顶再一次，如果我们想象一座山

，我们想象一个部分，

我们可以用将

那个名字 top 与整座山的名字联系起来来描述，

当然，在某些情况下，我们会

选择稍微

不同的表达方式例如，山顶

是一个词，

但在这些情况下

，使用撇号比使用撇号更自然，

因此例如，如果我说

山顶，听起来就不像山顶那么自然，

如果我说

视频的结尾听起来不像视频的结尾那么自然

小组组长可能没问题，

因为它与一个人有关，

但您可能会

更频繁地听到这个小组组长考虑到

这一点让我们看看

我们在解释某物是由什么制成的时使用的另一种方式，

所以我们在谈论材料时使用它，

所以如果我想谈论

我的衬衫是由什么材料制成的，我可以

用它来描述，让我们看

一些例子 es 虽然

是一条金项链

一件羊毛毛衣

皮革制成的鞋子所以在这些

例子中我说的是材料

金羊毛和皮革

你会注意到我在

这里的括号里是制造的我们可以放弃那个制造

因为这个的使用向我们

展示了某些东西是由什么制成的，所以不是

每个人都选择包括制造的，但

你可以嗯，所以一条金项链意味着

一条由金制成的项链

一件

由羊毛制成的毛衣意味着一件由羊毛制成的毛衣，

所以这是另一种说法

两者都很好，您可以选择您喜欢哪种

皮革制成的鞋子，因此我们

将材料

与此处的对象连接起来，

所以

这不是我们会

使用这种所有格形式的情况，因为

实际上这里

没有

发生项链的占有不拥有黄金

或毛衣不拥有羊毛，

而是我们谈论的是

组件，这些部件

共同创造了其他东西，所以绝对

不要在某些情况下使用撇号

所以我希望这节课能给你一个

很好的指导，什么时候使用

撇号s，什么时候使用记住

撇号s很好用，而且

在你谈论

属于人的人和事物时使用起来非常自然

记住当你在

谈论某事物的一部分时使用，

或者当你描述

用于制作某事物的材料时，

如果你有任何问题

或评论，或者如果你想练习

用这个语法造句

如果

您喜欢本课程

，请随时在此视频

的评论部分中这样做可以帮助

你学习英语的东西非常感谢你

观看本课，我

很快就会再见到你再见

大家好，我的名字是艾丽西亚在这

节课我要谈谈

有和之间的区别如果我

要看看

我们使用这些词的三种非常常见的方式，让我们

开始吧，我们使用这些词的第一种方式

是表达所有权，所以

所有权这意味着当

我们喜欢一件物品时，有

属于我们的东西或当我们想

谈论类似的个性或个人

特征时，当我们想

谈论拥有那个或

属于我们的东西时，我们使用 have 或过去时必须这样

做，以便

用我们使用的动词 have 加上我们的名词来表达基本的所有权

短语所以例如

标记是一个名词短语一个标记所以我

有一个标记这是一个非常简单的

所有权表达

这是现在时有

当句子的主语是他

她或它

我们改变动词必须让

她有一个标记他有一个标记，所以

请记住，你的句子的主语

会改变你

说动词或拼写动词的方式，所以

当我们想要做出过去时态

陈述时，我们会在它后面加上名词短语，我们会改变 hav

如果主语是她，那么这个是真的

并且必须表达

事物和特征的过去和现在的所有权

更多示例首先

我有一个cookie有现在时这

向我们展示了演讲

者演讲者有一个cookie演讲者有一个

cookie我有一个cookie

另一个过去时在这里

我我小时候养过狗所以在这里我

小时候养过狗

这是我的

时间点或我的时间段这是

我养狗的时间过去式

是一些例子

他和她是不是

他

有很多钱

他有很多我们用的钱

因为主题是他他有很多钱

最后她

有很多

责任她又有很多

责任主题是她所以我们使用 has

而不是 have 这仅适用于

pr esent 时态 she has a lot of

responsibility 所以这是第一次

使用 have 和 had 来表达所有权

让我们继续

本课的第二

点

我们使用的第二点 has and had to make the Perfect

时态所以我们使用完成时我们可以

使用现在完成时过去完成

时将来完成时来谈论

从过去开始并

一直持续到某个时间点的动作，

所以当我们使用现在完成时

句子时，我们使用有器官是否

遵循与此处相同的规则如果

主语是 she he 或 it 我们使用 has

所以我们使用 have 或 has

但我们后面跟

动词的过去分词形式这

是每个动词的特殊形式，我们附加

到这个动词 have 或 has 所以这

是现在完成时

当我们使用过去完成时，

但是我们使用 had

加上动词的过去分词形式，

所以这里只有一个词

如果主语发生变化，则没有变化，

所以过去完成时有

现在完成时 ha ve 或 has

有关这些时态及其含义的更多信息，

请查看我们的网站

englishclass101.com 或者请

在我们的 youtube 频道上快速搜索

现在完成时或过去完成

时视频，以获取有关

此语法点的更多信息

让我们看一些虽然

我们如何使用这些来使我们的陈述首先

用完美时态的例子

我已经学习了三年英语我

已经学习了三年英语

所以

在

学习之前在这里使用

了study是动词的过去分词形式

我已经学习了英语在这种情况下

三年说话者包括

一段时间

我已经学习了三年英语

让我们改变句子的主题

她

已经

等了一个小时她已经等

了一个小时所以这里我们专注于

继续动作，

但我们改变了必须有，因为

主语是她，我们使用 bin，因为 bin

是动词的过去分词形式

be so not she has be

she has been

w aiting 她一直在等，

所以这又是一个现在完成时的

表达方式，我们用它与

连续形式或进行形式一起使用

现在让我们看一些过去

完美的例子，

我

刚到家，电话响了，

我刚刚到家时电话

响

了，你会注意到我包括在内，所以我

想展示这件事发生后很快发生的

事情，

或者更确切地说，我想展示一些

事情发生得很快，就像背靠背一样，

所以一件事发生了，然后另一

件事发生了我

刚到家，电话响了，

所以

在这里使用了，

因为这是过去的情况，

所以

我

刚到家，电话响起时我刚到家，所以

在那之后的那一刻很快，

所以我

在过去分词之前使用动词

到达，所以到达

是动词到达的过去分词形式，我可以

用它来修改它

所以另一个例子

当我们得到项目的消息时我们已经工作了一整夜

被取消

了，当我们得到项目再次被取消的消息时，我们整晚都在工作

，

发生在我的

过去分词动词 be

变成 bin 之前

，我正在使用另一个渐进式

示例，一个 ing 示例，您还会

注意到过去完成时我们

当我们按顺序讲故事时倾向于使用这个

过去完美的

事情发生在很远很远的过去我们

使用过去完成时，然后我们使用

简单的过去时我们在这

两个例子中看到这一点这首先发生了

刚刚到家很远的

时候电话响了所以这是我简单的

过去式陈述刚到家

电话响了所以我们

通过使用过去完美

简单的过去来了解那里的事件顺序我们一直在

工作整夜继续工作

当我们得到消息时我们已经工作了一夜

我们得到了简单的过去时

我们得到了项目被取消的消息

所以我们用这两种过去的

形式一起按顺序讲故事

o 好吧，如果您想

了解有关这些语法点的更多信息，

请搜索 youtube

频道或网站好的，所以让我们

继续我们在本课中使用这些词的第三次使用，

并且不得不

谈论责任这是一个

当我们

谈论现在时的

责任时，

这些词的

用法非常普遍 don’t

have to don’t have to 等等，

但是

为了本课的目的，做一个积极的句子是这样完成

的，当

我们做一个过去时的责任

表达时，我们使用 had plus to plus the

现在时动词 so this had 是

从现在时的一半变化的唯一变化所以

让我们先看一些例子

我必须去银行我必须

去银行

一半

加上

现在时动词 go 是我的现在

时动词 i 必须去银行

责任声明，

如果我的主语是他或者她我需要把

动词改成有

她必须

离开办公室请假是我的简单

现在时动词我已经把它

和两个她必须离开办公室

过去时联系起来例子我们必须买新

鞋我们必须买新鞋所以我们

作为主题已经表明这是一个过去时

表达

用我的现在时动词连接我们必须买

新鞋

最后

他必须找到一份新工作所以又一次我的

主语是他，但

过去时动词没有变化他必须找到一份

新工作，所以必须现在时动词

很好，他必须找到一份新工作，所以我们可以

使用拥有和必须谈论

解释我们的责任所以这

是您可以使用 have 和 had 和 have 的三种方式，

所以我希望它们能

帮助您理解这些

词是如何再次使用的，如果您想

了解有关这些语法点的更多信息，

请务必搜索我们的

youtube 频道或查看我们的网站

Englishclass101.com 当然如果你喜欢这节课，

请不要忘记点

赞并订阅我们的频道，如果你

还没有，如果你有任何

问题或意见，或者如果你想

练习造句，

请随时在

本视频的评论部分这样做非常感谢您

观看本课程，我

很快就会再见到您再见，

大家好，欢迎回来询问艾丽西亚

您问我问题的每周系列

，我可能会回答他们好吧，

让我们来回答你

本周的第一个问题本周的第一个问题来自

安德烈奥利维拉你好安德烈安德里亚说你好，艾丽西亚

你能帮我解决

之前和之前在

这些短语中的区别

吗？不要说你讨厌它，直到或在

你尝试之前咬一口，

在你把东西收起来之前，你

哪儿也不去在这些

例句中，直到和之前都是关于细微差别的，您

可以在这些句子中使用我

想

谈谈前两个例句或前两个

例句我想一起讨论

这两个，因为它们

的开头有否定句

在第一个例句中，

我们没有说你讨厌它，直到或

在你尝试咬它之前，所以直到

用于标记关键时刻

或截止日期或在

它之前发生变化的点

真的没有这种感觉，所以不要说

你讨厌它，直到你尝试一口它

在这种情况下听起来更自然，因为

这就像说咬一口这个

东西，这种食物可能是

关键点或时刻为了改变

这个人做出决定的时刻，

所以直到

在这里听起来比

以前更自然第二个例句也是如此，

在你再次收拾东西之前或之前你不会去任何地方

这听起来更很自然，

因为我们有一个关键时刻需要

改变，是的，所以这个人需要把

他们的东西收起来，这就是为什么直到

听起来比以前更自然一点

，

但情况并非如此，但是

你包含的最后一个例子

是在天气变冷之前或之前享受你的饭菜

在这个例子中，直到听起来不自然的原因是因为我们没有

真正的特定点，比如关键

时刻或截止日期或某

事会发生变化的时间，我们

有这个冷，就像吃饭会变冷一样

我们知道会

发生的情况，但是

如果你在这句话中使用直到

这听起来像享受你的饭菜并

继续享受你的饭菜，但

在你的饭菜变冷的时候停止，这也不是一个关键点

享受你的饭菜这真的很

奇怪，所以在天气变冷之前享受你的饭菜在

这里听起来更自然

，因为这有点像你在

吃饭的时候鼓励别人

吃饭 rm，因此

它是最美味的，所以这就是这些例句中

until 和 before 之间的区别

，你

可以随身携带，你可以记住

，当你将来需要选择时，

直到我们倾向于使用更多的

那种截止日期或关键变更

点，因此

当您

将来需要在这两者之间

做出决定时，您

可以记住这一点发现或很

容易理解那个变化点，我们

以前并不总是这样做，

所以我希望这能帮助你感谢

一个有趣的问题，好的，让我们

进入你的下一个问题，下一个问题

来自安德烈你好安德烈说

ciao 艾丽西娅怎么了嘿

呃我的问题是正确

的

米您正在观看的 ovie 您可能会看到这样的

语法模式，因此您可能会

在几种不同的说话方式中看到这一点

说话者可能会使用

这种说话方式听起来很粗鲁或听起来

很酷，您可能还会听到它在

某些社区中使用或在

美国的某些地区，

演讲者可能会使用他

不使用而不是他不使用的许多不同原因，因此这在

很大程度上取决于电影的风格、

电影中的人物或

所描绘的角色

电影中实际出现的人，

所以

需要考虑

很多不同的因素

don’t 和其他类似的

语法模式，所以这就是

你可能会在某些

美国电影或某些电视节目中看到他不这样做的原因，

即使有时是因为

角色想要听起来更粗暴或

更酷或其他时候这是

因为这就是角色

自然说话的方式，这是

他们长大后使用的英语类型或英语风格，

所以

随着时间的推移，当你观看媒体时，你

会更好地理解

这一点，所以我希望这会有所帮助

你非常感谢这个问题

好的让我们继续我们的下一个问题

下一个问题来自

jane

advincula 嗨 jane 我希望我说你的

名字是对的 jane 说你好 alicia 我

想问一下如何以及何时使用稍后

和更早的像

一年后和更早的 1992 年

这样的短语中的例子。好吧，是的，很好的问题，所以我们当然可以

使用早晚来谈论

一天中的不同时间，比如让我们

稍后再做，所以意思不是现在，而是以后，

但这些词也非常

当我们讲故事

特别是关于过去的故事时非常有用，当我们想要谈论过去的

某个时间点

并且我们想要谈论

之前发生的事情或

之后发生的事情时，我们可以使用

早晚要做到这一点让我们

先看看早点，例如他

在 2000 年完成学业，我们想

谈谈 2000 年在这种情况下是过去

时态，我们可以说

一年前他开始

找工作，所以这意味着

在我们已经介绍过的这个关键时间点之前一年，

所以较早的那种是指

回溯到之前介绍

的时间点，这听起来很自然

另一方面，如果我们想谈论

在那个关键时间点之后发生的事情，

我们将使用 later 来做到

这一点，例如，他

在 2000 年完成学业，一年后他找到了工作，所以

我们使用相同的时间点 2000，但

我们使用 later 所以一年后，所以我们可以

使用 early and later 来指

以前引入时间段，这

可以帮助我们很自然地讲故事

是的，我们也可以说像

前年或后年

这些只是

表达相同想法的不同方式当然你也可以使用

earli er and later 谈论较小的

时间段和较大的时间段

，例如，我说让我们稍后再做，

这样您就可以使用 early 和 later

来指几分钟时间，就像

我在此视频中所做的那样，您可以使用它来

谈论一天谈论一周

一个月一年无论什么时候你想

谈论在某个时间点之前发生的事情

时使用较早，当你

想谈论

发生在你可以稍后使用的事情时，我

希望这对你有所帮助谢谢你的

问题好的让我们继续你的下一个

问题下一个问题来自 kuong

hi kwang

说如果我的手机

电量不足我应该说哪些

句子是正确的

我的手机电池电量低

我的手机没电了

母语人士有

什么说法听起来自然这

句话听起来自然吗

我的手机电池没电了我的手机电池电量是

百分之五我应该问什么才能知道

电源百分比我能说这个

你手机

电池的电量百分比是多少

等等很好的问题所以首先你的第一个

例句是完美的所以我的

手机电池电量低或者我

的手机没电了这

两个很棒，唯一的一点是我们

倾向于使这个表达很短，

因为这是一种很常见的情况

，例如手机很长，我们

通常用美式英语说我的手机，

所以这里有一些非常自然的

表达，你可以用来描述

手机的电池在这种情况下，您可以说

我的手机几乎没电或我的手机

即将没电来表达

您手机的精确电量百分比您

可以说我的手机电量为 5%，或者

您甚至可能听到有人说我的电量

为 5% 或我快要死了

有时人们会说我是

他们的手机

有没有人

有充电器所以请记住让这个

表达简短我的手机即将死机

很常见这可能

是我最常使用

的手机当你的手机即将死机时你会说什么我快没

电了我' 我没电了

是的我没电了或者我

没电了有很多

不同的方式来表达这种

鞋子没电了

哦果汁没电

了果汁也

意味着电源所以这取决于

关于您正在与之交谈的人的个性，

但一个非常直截了当

的问题是我的手机即将没

电或电池电量不足，因此

您可以使用大量表达方式

感谢您提出的好问题希望对您有所

帮助好吧，让我们

继续下一个问题下一个问题来自

tawfiq saeed 嗨 talfiq 我希望我说

你的名字是对的 talfiq 说

他的跑车在

高速公路上飞过我们这个例子中过去的含义是什么

请用一些

例子解释谢谢，好的，确定这个过去

是介词，所以过去

在这个句子中有几个不同的用途，我们

把它看作一个介词作为

介词在这里它的意思是超越或

接近某物，然后

超越它，所以其他一些例子

过去的这种用法例如我

昨天走过你的房子，或者我的

狗从我身边跑到街上，所以在

所有这些情况下，就像

某物

靠近其他东西然后继续

超越那个东西，所以在你的例子中，

汽车飞过我们的意思是汽车在一条

路线上，

离我们很近，然后继续

在我们之外的路线上，

与我的第一个例子一样，我昨天走过你

家，这意味着我走

在你家附近的路线上，然后我继续

超越在最后一个

关于狗的例子中，听起来狗

离我很近，然后继续超越我，

所以当我们像这样使用过去作为介词时，

这就是它的意思，

我希望这对你有帮助谢谢你的

问题好吧，这

就是我这周的所有内容

非常感谢你的精彩问题如果你

有问题要问我记得你可以

在englishclass101.com 把它们发给我

问连字符艾丽西亚你还会找到一个

链接这在描述中，

所以如果你想

和我们一起练习你的英语，

请检查一下，看看我们在

englishclass101.com上的一些其他

资源，以帮助你

学习英语，不要忘记喜欢这个

视频如果

您还没有更多类似

这样的视频，请订阅此频道非常感谢您观看这一

集询问艾丽西亚，我

下次再见再见，

大家好，欢迎回来询问艾丽西亚

您问我问题的每周系列

我回答他们也许

好吧让我们来回答你

本周的第一个问题本周第一个问题

来自尤金你好尤金尤金说嘿

艾丽西亚

关掉音乐和打开音乐有区别吗 ic

off 当我使用短语动词时，我总是遇到这个问题，

谢谢，是的，

谢谢这个问题，不，

关掉音乐

和关掉音乐之间没有区别，它们的意思是

一样的，关掉是那些

短语动词之一分裂所以当

我说分裂时，我的意思是当你使用

这个短语动词时，你可以把短语动词的

宾语放在最后，或者你

可以把它放在两个词之间，

所以你可以这样做的

短语动词被称为可分离的短语动词所以

这意味着您可以将动词的宾语放在

它之后或两个

单词之间有一些短语动词

您不能这样做

它并选择

你喜欢的任何一种形式谢谢我希望这能

回答你的问题可以继续

下一个问题下一个问题来自

saeed

我希望我说的是对的 hi sayyid

说你好 alicia 我来自约旦我

想问你关于 d

value 和 down play 之间的区别非常感谢，

是的，很好的问题，所以贬值

某物意味着从某物中拿走价值，

所以 d value 由

前缀 d 组成，这意味着关闭或远离，

然后 value right 指的是

某物的成本或者我们认为

某物价值多少所以贬值

某物意味着从某物中去除价值

一些

例子劣质产品会使您的

品牌

贬值我的家因自然灾害造成的损坏而贬值

好吧，现在让我们谈谈

淡化某些东西意思是最小化

或降低某事的严重性，

因此当我们试图

让某件事看起来不像实际上那么重要

时，我们会使用淡化处理有时我们

想让人们感到更平静，或者

有时我们试图隐藏

信息但轻描淡写意味着试图

减少某人的看法或某人对

情况严重程度的看法一些例子

我们不应该淡化严重性

关于这种致命的疾病，

我的经理在会议上淡化了我的担忧，

我很生气，

所以我希望这可以帮助您理解

贬值和淡化之间的区别

非常感谢您提出的

问题，让我们继续您的

下一个问题下一个问题来自

sergey hi sergey sergey says hi alicia

check up

和 check out 有什么区别提前谢谢你好吧

有几种不同的方法可以使用

这些短语动词通常 check up

意味着请求或寻找

某人的更新，所以你可能会说你需要

检查某人，我们通常

在谈论一个人时使用，

例如，你能检查一下你

姐姐我最近没有收到她的消息吗？

这意味着请去

你姐姐那里获取最新信息，或者请获取一些

关于你姐姐的当前状态，

所以

当我们想谈论

另一个你可能还会听到的人时，我们倾向于使用检查某事，比如

检查某个特定的地方，比如 go

c 去谷仓看看，或者喜欢去检查

外面的动物，这意味着你

想知道当前的状态或

当前状况，你可能还会看到

检查使用，检查之间没有空格

，谈论去看

医生检查你目前的情况条件，所以在

这些情况下，我们会说我需要

去看医生进行检查，或者您

真的应该在

您最后一次去看医生时

进行检查

使用 check up 作为短语动词，所以两者

都是可能的，所以请

注意空格确实有区别

带空格的检查是指短语

动词，没有空格的

检查是指名词，那是指

去一个医生检查您目前的

状况，所以让我们比较一下然后

结帐结帐通常结帐

意味着完成您的交易并

离开我们最常使用的地方

结帐当我们在超市或在

一家酒店，所以您可能会说

请在您完成购物后在登记处结账，

或者我

在上午 10 点退房，所以这些

结账的用途是指完成某种

业务或服务交易并

离开该位置，您也可能

听到 check out 过去的意思是快去

看看，比如让我们去看

看那家新餐厅，或者哦，我想

稍后再去看看那个活动，这

意味着快速浏览一下一般情况

，看看最后发生了什么

你可能还会听到 check out

用过有时是指看着

一个有浪漫兴趣的人，就像

你被那个人吸引一样

，例如那个人刚刚检查过

你，或者哇，检查一下那个女孩，她太

漂亮了，类似的东西可能

用来表示你觉得某人的

身体很有吸引力但通常

check out 用于前两种

意义，在日常

对话中最常用于完成交易并

离开一个地方或意味着采取快速

查看一些东西，所以我希望这可以帮助

您了解

检查和结帐之间的区别谢谢这个

问题好吧让我们去你的下一个

问题下一个问题来自

呃莎拉你好莎拉莎拉说你好

艾丽西亚什么是知识和承认之间的区别什么

时候可以我用

他们是个好问题，好吧，所以知识和

承认我知道他们里面有相同的

知识，但他们完全

不同。知识是名词，

承认是动词，所以知识

是

指我们从书本中获得信息的东西

经验等等，所以我们利用

知识在世界上运作，

过好我们的生活，

例如，在孩提时代获得大量知识

或确保您复习

有关该主题的所有知识非常重要，因此

知识是一个名词那是指

您知道的事物或

世界上已知

的事物，另一方面，就像我

说的那样是动词，它的意思是

承认例如，公司

承认他的辛勤工作，

或者她承认需要几个

星期才能达到她的目标，所以将

承认视为意义承认它

有点像一种更正式的说法

承认所以再次是的，尽管

知识和承认看起来确实很

类似的，当你看到它们写出来时，它们

确实有完全不同的含义和

不同的词性，所以我希望

这有助于回答你的问题，

非常感谢，

好的，下一个问题来自 masume

tabrizi，你好 masume，我希望我说你的

名字是对的，当我们告诉时 masume 说一个

故事我们可以使用被动吗是的当然

你在讲故事时可以使用被动

我认为有些人

在某些时候已经了解到被动

可能是坏的或被动听起来很弱

或者应该避免被动，我们

应该专注于使用主动但是

实际上被动是一种重要的方式

它是一种重要的工具

解释故事和分享

信息的语法工具所以是的，有时

当使用被动是个好主意，

例如，当执行该操作的人不为人知或不重要时，您应该使用被动，

因此一个典型的

例子是，如果有人偷了一个

包，而我们不知道是谁，我们可以

说我的包被偷了，这是一个很好的

例子，当你不

知道是谁做了这个动作时，你

也可以使用被动语，当

提及完成动作的人并不重要时，

你也可以使用

当您需要隐藏信息或

需要保密时，有

很多不同的方法可以使用被动来

讲述故事，我们在

日常生活中一直这样做另一个例子可能

是如果一杯水是

在我家被打翻了，我不知道是谁干的

我不知道它是怎么发生

的很自然地使用被动

if 你知道使用被动是不好的

或类似的

尝试忘记它被动有时间

和地点肯定有时间

使用被动是一个好主意所以是的，

请在感觉正确时将它包含在你的故事中

我希望这很好地回答了

你的问题，这

就是我这周的全部

内容非常感谢你给我发来你

很棒的问题我真的很

感激当然如果你想给我发一个

问题你可以在

englishclass101.com上

问连字符艾丽西亚你可以查看

描述中的链接以找到它

，如果您喜欢这个视频，请

不要忘记给它一个大拇指并

订阅这个频道，如果您还

没有非常感谢观看

这一集的询问艾丽西亚和我

下次再见再见

餐厅

餐厅餐厅是一个你可以去

让别人做饭并

为你服务的地方它通常是我们去

享受美食或特殊场合的地方 n

那是一家不错的餐厅

那

是一家不错的

餐厅大小和菜单

也小一些通常在咖啡馆你

可以找到茶咖啡和其他饮料

除了蛋糕或甜甜圈等非常清淡的食物