okay so i have a confession to make

i don't know how to ride a bicycle i

mean

i just don't get the whole balance thing

you know

in my high school years when i wanted to

learn to fly a plane

through a school youth flying program my

mother said

no you don't know how to ride a bicycle

you won't be able to fly a plane it's

all about

balance a few years later as a late teen

i wanted to learn to ride a motorbike

and my mother's response again was no

you don't know how to ride a bicycle you

can't ride a motorbike

i injured my knee snowboarding once and

her response

it's because you don't know how to ride

a bicycle

now i got tired of people telling me

what i could and could not do

so i thought i'm going to challenge

myself

and prove to everybody that i can indeed

do

whatever i set out to do so i finally

decided

just two months ago to learn

wakeboarding

now i know what all of you are thinking

i don't know how to ride a bicycle i

won't be able to wakeboard

but i was determined to prove that it

could be done

so as i strapped my boots onto my feet

and on the board and got into the water

i thought to myself this is it there's

no turning back

the first few times as the boat started

to move i would fall flat on my face in

the water

but by the sixth time i was determined

and as the boat started to move as the

rope

started to pull me as the board was

being lifted by the waves from

underneath

i thought to myself finally but before i

could think any further

my feet and board caught a wave and flew

in one direction

while my body flailed in another

direction

the result was a fractured ankle and i

was taken to hospital

that same day of course when my mother

visited me in hospital

the first thing she said was it's

because you don't know how to ride a

bicycle

i had a surgical fixation the next day

and was discharged the morning after

that

i was in and out of hospital in under

48 hours because i was fortunate

to have excellent access to health care

but as i lay in hospital bed recovering

post broken ankle

i couldn't help but think that others

around the world were not so fortunate

that something else in this world was

truly broken

something that has bothered me often

enough

i thought back to december 26 2004

when many people around the world were

recovering from their christmas

festivities

when a massive 9.1 magnitude earthquake

hit the indian ocean floor resulting in

a devastating tsunami

that killed nearly a quarter of a

million people

in a single day in the countries and

islands surrounding the indian ocean

the boxing day tsunami it was shocking

and an utter tragedy

the world responded rapidly with an

outpouring of financial donations

relief supplies and equipment there were

those two who volunteered much-needed

relief services in the immediate

aftermath

but the tragedy didn't end in that one

day

nor in the weeks two months after the

event

the tragedy continued to affect lives

many years after the world stopped

caring

even though the tsunami had shed light

on communities of people that

already before the event were living in

dire conditions

without proper access to basic health

care

the tsunami made this exponentially

worse and tipped many more

under the poverty line and years later

there was still hardly access to health

care for many communities

but by then the interest of most people

around the world was focused on newer

events

to the sufferers of the tsunami it was

as if

the world just watched

five years after the tsunami i joined

the team to provide medical relief to

villagers in padang indonesia

who are still suffering the effects of a

post-tsunami world

i witnessed firsthand the continual

struggle of people

living day by day without proper access

to health care for even their basic

needs in stark contrast we

volunteers had come from countries that

had many clinics every few kilometers

we had set up clinic near an isolated

village

and on the last day one of the patients

who had hobbled to us with a makeshift

walking stick

and a deformed lower leg was a 58 year

old farmer who had slipped in his field

a few days prior he had not sought

medical treatment

because the nearest hospital was many

many kilometers away

and he did not have the financial means

for the journey

even without an x-ray it was apparent

that his lower leg was broken

and would require surgery i advised him

he needed to go to a hospital

immediately

to avoid the risk of permanent

disability

he adamantly refused he was just not

going

he was afraid the cost of the journey

and hospitalization

would be too much for him to bear

with the limited resources that we had i

could only treat him with a splint and

painkillers

his non-surgical treatment which was not

uncommon in such low resource settings

would possibly lead to lifelong

disability

in plain contrast after my broken ankle

i was walking near normal in six weeks

we left that same night there was little

more that i could do for him

i felt completely helpless

the 2010 earthquake in haiti was no

different

and again i went with a team to provide

medical relief

and again the inequity was stuck

a one-year-old baby was brought to us

with a bout of severe diarrheal disease

she had sunken eyes a dry lips and

tongue and was lethargic

her veins were so tiny from her severe

dehydration

that we struggled to put an intravenous

drip for her and start her own fluids

we finally managed to on a neck vein

started her on fluids and transferred

her to the nearby u.s navy floating

hospital

she was fortunate but thousands others

were not

because healthcare just couldn't reach

them

once again i felt completely helpless

with lack of resources once again people

started losing interest

and once again the world just

watched now in many low and middle

income countries

the continuing tragedy is that the

poorest and most

vulnerable have got inadequate access to

quality healthcare

people are dying unnecessarily of

diseases

that can and should have been treated

easily

this is not about inequality this is

about inequity

justice is broken these tragedies expose

these inequities for the whole world to

see

but we did little about it perhaps

because we just

did not know how

as i continued lying in bed thinking

about broken ankles and broken justice

i recalled how i had developed an

interest in medical technology

on medtech using innovative

technological or engineering solutions

to solve all sorts of traditional

medical problems

a few years ago i come across a company

that claimed to be able to perform an

array of blood tests rapidly

with just a single drop of blood

therenos wow imagine the number of lives

this technology could improve and this

could extend to low resource settings

unfortunately turned out to be

fraudulent but when i had realized the

potential of its impact

i had seen the power that met tech truly

could have

could medical technology offer a

solution to the problems i had seen

now it would seem somewhat intuitive

that our recent era of rapid innovation

of medical technology

could do so with

the potential for cheaper better faster

diagnostics and treatments of disease

with robotics 3d printed organs ai and

precision medicine

devices gene editing technology

our own lives too have improved with the

advent of wearable technologies

giving us real-time feedback of our

health status

but who are these solutions truly made

for

who are those that can afford these

solutions

without careful purpose these solutions

can actually widen the gap the same gap

that all these tragedies had exposed

the same gap that many people were

closing their eyes to because it just

didn't affect them

the gap of health inequity

fast forward december 2019 a new virus

had spread across the globe to nearly

every single country

severe acute respiratory syndrome

coronavirus ii

or coronavirus as we know it had spread

well

virally we in singapore were lucky

early in the course of the disease i

went to work

every day with the fear of bringing back

an infection to my loved ones

but knowing that with proper and

available

personal protective equipment and

rigorous protocols

my risk of infection was decreased my

fears diminished however many people

around the world were not so lucky

economies were toppled health care

systems were challenged

people even health care workers and

politicians and leaders of countries

were being infected by a tiny virus that

knew no boundaries

no social economic class no creed nor

color

and now the world set up

we could no longer just watch because

covet 19

is affecting nearly every single one of

us

yet even here the inequities are

becoming ever clearer

richer countries are focusing on their

own survival while the gap with the

smaller countries and poorer countries

of the developing world

were continuing to widen much of the

progress that some of these countries

had made

in terms of health access was set back

years

in just a matter of weeks to months by a

tiny particle not even

visible to the naked eye yes

this is a global battle but although we

are all in the same fight

the harsh reality is that some are armed

with tanks and artillery while others

with

simple bows and arrows

in our modern world medical technology

has the ability

to level this battlefield to really

improve health access and to truly

democratize healthcare

if done purposefully this means the

intentional design of technologies and

solutions

aimed at lower resource settings this

means

thoroughly evaluating the social

implications and consequences of our

technological solutions

this means a rethink of the entire

concept of medtech

and instead of aiming to be the next

biggest exit

focusing instead on how many lives can

be saved or improved

but how do we do this how do we innovate

with purpose

let me leave you with three p's

problem think first of the problem

specific to a low resource setting

person when you have identified the

problem in a low resource setting

think of the unique challenges that a

person with this problem would face

passion

you don't need to be a doctor or an

engineer

you just need to have a passion to

innovate with purpose

let me give you a few examples

there are over 20 million people around

the world with limb amputations

as a result of trauma from natural

disasters accidents and war

a limb prosthesis costs anywhere from

six thousand

to a hundred thousand us dollars

depending on the level of sophistication

a team from stanford delve deep into

this problem and created an

innovative knee joint that addressed the

unique

needs of developing world amputees who

needed a highly durable

strong performance yet simple light and

affordable prosthesis

their product costs 40 us dollars

they had identified a need in a low

resource setting and understood the

unique challenges

that developing world amputees would

face

moving over to india a school dropout

who had become an

odd job laborer had realized his wife

was collecting

old rags and newspapers to use during

her menstrual cycle

as conventional sanitary pads were too

expensive

he developed a low-cost sanitary pad

making machine

despite being ridiculed for dealing with

such a taboo subject

but by understanding the unique

challenges that women face in such

situations

not only did the affordable sanitary

pads allow many women to continue

earning their livelihood during their

menstrual cycles

the machines too created jobs for many

women

these are just some examples of how med

tech can improve health access and truly

democratize health care

and anyone can realize this value

whether you're a stanford team or a

school dropout

anyone with the passion and heart to

solve problems of health inequity

can do so but innovate purposefully

innovate intentionally innovate

for social impact in a world reimagined

our world we can no longer just watch

we urgently need to heal the fractures

of our world's broken health delivery

system

and to do so you don't need to know how

to ride a bicycle

{{}}

好吧，所以我要坦白

说我不会骑自行车

飞行计划 我

妈妈

说不 你不会骑自行车

你将无法驾驶飞机

几年后

我想学骑摩托车 我想学骑

摩托车 我妈妈的回应 再说一次，不，

你不知道怎么骑自行车你

不能骑摩托车

我受伤了我的膝盖滑雪一次

她的

反应是因为你不知道怎么

骑自行车

现在我厌倦了人们告诉我

什么 我可以也不能这样

做 我想我要挑战

自己

并向所有人证明我确实可以

做我想做的任何事情所以我终于

在两个月前决定学习

滑水

现在我知道你们所有人都是什么 以为

我不会骑自行车我

不会滑水

但我 决心证明这是

可以做到的，

所以当我将靴子绑在脚上

和板上并下水时，

我心想这就是它

，前几次没有回头路，因为船

开始移动，我会 我的脸平躺

在水里，

但到了第六次，我下定了决心

，当船开始移动，

绳子

开始拉我，板

被海浪从下面抬起时，

我终于想到了自己，但还没

来得及 再想一想，

我的脚和木板抓住了一个波浪，

向一个方向飞去，

而我的身体向另一个

方向挥舞，结果是脚踝骨折

，当然，就在同一天，当我妈妈

去医院探望我时，

她第一件事就是 说是

因为你不会骑

自行车，第二天做了手术固定，第二天早上

就出院了，不到48小时就出院了，

因为我

有幸拥有excelle 无法获得医疗保健，

但是当我躺在医院病床上

恢复脚踝骨折后，

我不禁想到

世界上的其他人并没有那么幸运

，以至于这个世界上的其他东西

真的坏

了，这让我经常感到困扰

我想 回到 2004 年 12 月 26 日，

当世界各地的许多人

从圣诞节庆祝活动中恢复过来

时，一场 9.1 级的大地震

袭击了印度洋海底，引发了

一场毁灭性的海啸

，

一天之内就在这些国家和地区造成近 25 万人丧生。

印度洋周围的岛屿 节

礼日海啸 令人震惊

和彻底的

悲剧 世界迅速作出反应，

大量捐款

救灾物资和设备

有两个人在灾后立即自愿提供急需的

救灾服务，

但悲剧没有 不会在那一天结束，

也不会在事件发生两个月后的几周内结束

，悲剧继续影响 生活

在世界停止关心多年后，

尽管海啸已经揭示

了在事件发生之前已经生活在

可怕条件中

而无法获得基本医疗

保健

的人们的社区海啸使这种情况成倍地

恶化，并使更多人

处于贫困线以下 多年后

，许多社区仍然几乎无法获得医疗保健，

但到那时，世界上大多数人的兴趣

都集中在

海啸受难者的新事件上，就

好像世界只是

在海啸发生五年后才看到 加入

该团队，为印度尼西亚巴东的村民提供医疗救助，

他们仍在遭受海啸后世界的影响，

我亲眼目睹了人们日复一日的持续

挣扎，

即使他们的基本

需求也无法获得适当的医疗保健。 我们的

志愿者来自那些

每隔几公里就有很多诊所的国家

我们在附近建立了诊所 一个偏僻的

村庄

，在最后一天，

一名 58 岁的农民用临时拐杖和一条畸形的小腿一瘸一拐地向我们走来

，他几天前在地里滑倒了，

他没有寻求

医疗，

因为 最近的医院在

很多公里之外

，

即使没有 X 光检查

，他也没有足够的

经济能力进行这次旅行

永久残疾的风险

他坚决拒绝他只是不去

他担心旅途和住院的费用

对他来说太高了

，我们拥有的有限资源我

只能用夹板和

止痛药给

他治疗他的非 -

在如此低资源环境中并不少见的手术治疗

可能会导致

我的脚踝骨折后终身残疾

在同一天晚上我们离开的六个星期里

，我能为他做的不多

我感到完全

无助 2010 年海地地震没有什么

不同

，我再次和一个团队一起去提供

医疗救助

，不平等再次

陷入困境 - 一岁大的婴儿

患有严重的腹泻病，

她的眼睛凹陷，嘴唇和

舌头干燥，昏昏欲睡，

她的静脉因严重脱水而变得非常细小，

以至于我们努力

为她静脉滴注并开始自己的

我们终于设法在颈部静脉

上输液让她开始输液并将

她转移到附近的美国海军浮动

医院

她很幸运但其他数千

人并不是

因为医疗保健再次无法到达

他们

曾经因为缺乏资源而感到完全无助 人们再次

开始失去兴趣

，世界再次

目睹了许多低收入和中等

收入

国家持续的悲剧是

最贫穷和最

脆弱的国家 获得

优质医疗服务的机会不足

人们死于不必要的

疾病

，这些疾病可以而且应该很容易治疗

这不是关于不平等 这是

关于不平等

正义被打破 这些悲剧将

这些不平等暴露给全世界，

但我们对 也许是

因为我们只是

不知道，

当我继续躺在床上

想着脚踝骨折和正义被打破时，

我回忆起我是如何

对医疗技术上的医疗技术产生兴趣的，

使用创新的

技术或工程解决方案

来解决各种传统

医学

问题 几年前，我遇到一家公司，该公司

声称只需一滴血就能快速进行

一系列血液检测

，

哇想象一下

这项技术可以改善的生命数量，这

可能会扩展到资源匮乏的环境，

不幸的是结果证明 是

欺诈，但当我意识到它的

潜在影响时，

我看到了 真正遇到技术的力量

医疗技术能否为

我现在看到的问题提供解决方案

疾病

与机器人技术 3D 打印器官 AI 和

精准医疗

设备 基因编辑技术

随着可穿戴技术的出现，我们的生活也得到了改善，

为我们提供了健康状况的实时反馈，

但这些解决方案真正

为

那些负担得起的人而设计 这些

解决方案

没有仔细的目的 这些解决

方案实际上可以扩大

差距 所有这些悲剧都暴露

了同样的差距 许多人都

闭上了眼睛因为它只是

没有影响他们

健康不平等的差距

快进 2019 年 12 月 a 新病毒

已在全球范围内传播到几乎

每个国家

严重急性呼吸系统综合症 ome

冠状病毒 ii

或冠状病毒，因为我们知道它在病毒上传播得

很好，

我们在新加坡很幸运

，在疾病的早期，我

每天都去上班，害怕

把感染传染给我的亲人，

但知道有适当的和

可用的

个人防护设备和

严格的规程

我的感染风险降低了 我的

恐惧减少了 但是

世界上许多人并不那么幸运

经济被推翻 医疗保健

系统受到挑战

人们甚至医疗保健工作者、

政治家和国家领导人

也被微小的病毒感染 病毒

不分国界

没有社会经济阶层 没有信仰也没有

肤色 现在这个世界建立起来了，

我们不能再只是看着，因为

covet 19

几乎影响着我们每个人，

但即使在这里，不平等也

变得越来越明显，

富裕国家正在关注 他们

自己的生存，而与发展中国家的

小国和穷国

的差距

rld 继续扩大

其中一些国家

在获得医疗保健方面取得的大部分

进展

在短短几周到几个月内被一个

甚至肉眼看不到的微小颗粒推迟了几年

是的，

这是一场全球性的战斗 但是，尽管我们

都在同一场战斗中，

但残酷的现实是，在我们现代世界的医疗技术中，有些人装备

有坦克和大炮，而另一些人则

拥有

简单的弓箭，

有

能力平整这个战场，真正

改善医疗保健和真正

民主化 医疗保健

如果有目的地进行 这意味着有

意识地设计旨在降低资源环境的技术和

解决方案

这

意味着

彻底评估

我们的技术解决方案的社会影响和后果

这意味着重新思考

医疗技术的整个概念，

而不是旨在成为下一个

最大的 退出，

转而关注可以挽救或改善多少生命，

但我们如何做到这一点 我们如何

有目的的创新

让我留给你三个 p 的

问题

当你

在资源匮乏的环境中发现问题时，首先考虑特定于资源匮乏的人的问题

想想

有这个问题的人将面临的独特挑战

你没有热情 不需要成为医生或

工程师，

您只需要对

有目的的创新充满热情

让我举几个例子，

全世界有超过 2000 万人

因自然灾害事故和创伤而截肢

战争 假肢的成本从

6000

到 100000 美元不等，

具体取决于复杂程度

来自斯坦福的团队深入研究

这个问题并创造了一种

创新的膝关节，以

满足发展中国家截肢者的独特需求，他们

需要高度耐用的

强大的性能但简单轻便且

价格合理的假体

他们的产品成本为 40 美元

他们确定了需求 在

资源匮乏的环境中，并

了解发展中国家截肢者

在移居印度时将面临的独特挑战

一名成为

零工的辍学生意识到他的妻子

正在收集

旧抹布和报纸，以便在

她的月经周期中

用作传统卫生巾 尽管因处理这样一个禁忌话题而被嘲笑，但

他开发了一种低成本的卫生巾

制造机

，

但通过了解

女性在这种情况下面临的独特挑战，

不仅价格实惠的

卫生巾让许多女性继续

谋生 在她们的

月经周期中，

这些机器也为许多女性创造了就业机会，

这些只是医疗

技术如何改善医疗保健和真正

使医疗保健民主化的一些例子，

任何人都可以实现这一价值，

无论你是斯坦福大学的球队还是

辍学者。

解决健康不平等问题的热情和决心

可以做到，但创新 te 有目的地创新 有目的地

创新 在一个重新构想我们的世界的世界中产生社会影响

我们不能再只是看着

我们迫切需要治愈

我们这个世界破碎的医疗服务

系统的裂缝

，这样做你不需要知道

如何骑自行车