How bees help plants have sex Fernanda S. Valdovinos
Bees are very busy little matchmakers.
Wingmen in every sense of the word.
You see, the bees' side of the whole “birds and the bees” business
is to help plants find mates and reproduce.
In their work as pollinators,
honeybees are integral to the production
of nearly 1/3 of the food that we eat.
And these bees,
dutifully helping lonely plants have sex,
aren’t alone.
But rather are part of a very complex network
of matchmaking creatures,
critical for the pollination of natural ecosystems and crops.
Plants in many natural ecosystems need help to have sex.
Like many of us, they’re too busy to find a relationship.
They have too much photosynthesis to do,
and they can’t find the time to evolve feet
and walk to a singles bar.
Those places are called meat markets for a reason,
because plants can’t walk.
So they need matchmaker pollinators
to transport their pollen grains
to flowers of the same plant species,
and they pay these pollinators with food.
Today, around 170,000 plant species
receive pollination services
from more than 200,000 pollinator species.
Pollinators include many species of bees,
butterflies, moths, flies, wasps, beetles, even birds and bats,
who together help pollinate many species of trees,
shrubs and other flowering plants.
In return, flowering plants are an abundant and diverse food source for pollinators.
For instance, fossil records suggest
bees may have evolved from wasps that gave up hunting
after they acquired a taste for nectar.
Plant pollinator networks are everywhere.
Ecologists record these networks in the field
by observing which pollinators visit which plants,
or by analyzing the identity of pollen loads on their bodies.
Networks, registered in these ways,
contain from 20 to 800 species.
These networks show a repeated structure, or architecture.
Pollinators interact with plants in a very heterogenous way.
Most plants are specialists,
they have only one or a few matchmakers.
Meanwhile, only a few generalist plants
hire a diverse team of matchmakers,
getting visits from almost all the pollinators of the network.
The same occurs with pollinators.
Most are specialists that feed on only a few plant species,
while a few pollinators, including the honeybee usually,
are generalists, busily feeding from and matchmaking for
almost all the plant species in that ecosystem.
What’s interesting is that specialists and generalists
across both plants and pollinators,
sort themselves out in a particular pattern.
Most pollinator networks, for which we have data, are nested.
In a nested network, specialists tend to interact more
with generalists than with other specialists.
This is because if you’re a specialist plant,
and your only matchmaker also specializes on you
as its only food source,
you’re each more vulnerable to extinction.
So, you’re better off specializing on a generalist pollinator
that has other sources of food
to ensure its persistence in bad years.
The same goes if you’re a specialist pollinator.
You’re better off in the long run
specializing on a generalist plant
that gets pollinated by other species
in times when you’re not around to help.
Finally, in addition to nestedness,
the networks are usually modular.
This means that the species in a network
are compartmentalized into modules of plants and animals
that interact more with each other
than with species in other modules.
Think of them like social cliques.
A plant or pollinator dying off
will effect the species in its module,
but those effects will be less severe on the rest of the network.
Why’s all that important?
Because plant pollinator network structure effects the stability of ecosystems.
Heterogeneous distribution, nestedness and modularity
enable networks to better prevent and respond to extinctions.
That’s critical because nature is never static.
Some species may not show up every year.
Plants flower at different times.
Pollinators mature on varying schedules.
Generalist pollinators have to adapt their preferences
depending on who’s flowering when.
So from one flowering season to the next,
the participants and patterns of matchmaking
can drastically change.
With all those variables,
you can understand the importance of generalist pollinators,
like bees, to the stability of not only a crop harvest,
but the entire network of plants and pollinators
we see in nature, and rely on for life.
Next time you see a bee fly by,
remember that it belongs to a complex network of matchmakers
critical to the love lives of plants all around you.