The unpaid work that GDP ignores and why it really counts Marilyn Waring
(In Maori: My mountain is Taupiri.)
(Waikato is my river.)
(My name is Marilyn.)
(Hello.)
As you’ve heard, when I was very young,
I was elected to
the New Zealand Parliament.
And at that age, you learn mostly
by listening to others' stories.
I remember a woman
who’d been injured in a farm accident,
and it was coming up to shearing time
on the farm,
and she had to be replaced by a shepherd,
by a rousie in the woolshed,
and of course there was still someone
needed to manage the household
and to prepare the food
for the shearing gangs.
And her mother came to help with that.
But the family got
no compensation for the mother,
because that’s what mothers
and family members are supposed to do.
One year, a company called
Gold Mines New Zealand
applied for a prospecting license
on our beautiful Mt. Pirongia.
It is a mountain
full of extraordinary ecosystems,
of verdant, virgin native forests.
It produced oxygen, it was a carbon sink,
it was a home for endangered species
and for pollinating species
in the farmland around.
And the mining company put up
this great economic prospectus
that was about how much
money could be made
from mining our mountain,
about all the growth and development
that would show in New Zealand’s
budgetary forecasts,
and we were just left with the language
of all that we valued about our mountain.
Fortunately, we stopped.
And then I remembered
a woman who had three children under five
who was caring for her elderly parents,
and nobody seemed to think
that at some stage
she might actually need
some assistance with childcare,
because she wasn’t in the paid workforce.
And there began to be a pattern
in all of these stories I was being told.
And I started to ask enough questions
to try and track to the core
of this pattern of values
that was part of all of these stories.
And I found it
in an economic formula
called the “gross domestic product,”
or the GDP.
Most of you will have heard of it.
Many of you won’t have any idea
what it actually means.
The rules were drawn up
by Western-educated men in 1953.
They established a boundary of production
in drawing up these rules.
What they were keen to measure
was everything that involved
a market transaction.
So on one side of the boundary,
everything where there was
a market exchange was counted.
It doesn’t matter whether
the exchange is legal or illegal.
Market exchange in the illegal trade
in armaments, [munitions],
drugs, endangered species,
trafficking of people –
all of this is great for growth
and it all counts.
On the other side
of the boundary of production,
there was this extraordinary
phrase in the rules
that the work done by the people
they called “nonprimary producers”
was “of little or no value.”
So I thought, let’s see how many
nonprimary producers we have here today.
So in the last week or so,
how many of you have transported
members of your household or their goods
without payment?
How many of you have done
a bit of cleaning, a bit of vacuuming,
a bit of sweeping,
a bit of tidying up the kitchen?
Yeah?
How about going shopping
for members of the household?
Preparing food? Cleaning up afterwards?
Laundry? Ironing?
(Laughter)
Well, as far as economics is concerned,
you were at leisure.
(Laughter)
(Applause and cheers)
Now, how about the women
who have been pregnant
and who have had children?
Yes.
Now, I really hate to tell you this,
because it might well
have been hard labor,
but at that moment, you were unproductive.
(Laughter)
And some of you may
have breastfed your infant.
Now, in the New Zealand
national accounts –
that’s what the figures are called,
that’s where we get the GDP –
in the New Zealand national accounts,
the milk of buffalo, goats, sheep and cows
is of value
but not human breast milk.
(Laughter)
It is the very best food on the planet.
It is the very best investment
that we can make in the future health
and education of that child.
It doesn’t count at all.
All of those activities are on
the wrong side of the production boundary.
And something that’s
very important to know
about this accounting framework:
they call it “accounts,”
but there’s no debit side.
We just keep market exchanges going,
and it’s all good for growth.
We’re in Christchurch,
where people have lived through
a devastating natural disaster
and recovered.
And ever since that time,
New Zealand has been told
our growth figures are great,
because we’re rebuilding Christchurch.
Nothing was ever lost
from the national accounting framework
because of the loss of lives,
the loss of land,
the loss of buildings,
the loss of special spaces.
Now, it might also
be becoming obvious to you
that this boundary of production works
in terms of our environment.
When we’re mining it,
when we’re deforesting,
when we’re deleting our environment,
when we’re fishing out
our marine resources,
legal or illegal,
as long as market is exchanged,
it’s all good for growth.
To leave our natural environment alone,
to sustain it, to protect it,
is apparently worth nothing.
Now, how and what can we do about this?
Well, I wrote first about it 30 years ago.
Then in 2008, after
the global financial crisis,
President Sarkozy of France
asked three men who had all
won Nobel Prizes in Economics –
Sen, Fitoussi and Stiglitz –
to discover what I’d written about
30 years ago.
(Laughter)
(Applause)
“Relying on per capita GDP, relying
on these growth figures,” they said,
“doesn’t appear to be
the best way to proceed
to make public policy.”
And I totally agree with them.
(Laughter)
One of the things that you notice
about these rules –
they are revised; 1968
they were revised, 1993, 2008 –
is that the revisions
are mostly done by statisticians,
and the statisticians do know
what is wrong with the data,
but hardly any of the economists
ever stop to ask that same question.
So, in 2019,
the GDP is in even worse shape.
You see, to measure GDP,
you have to assume
that some kind of production
or service delivery or consumption
occurs inside a nation-state,
and you know where that is.
But trillions of dollars
are circling the globe,
in many part from our Googles,
our Facebooks, our Twitters,
siphoned through a number of tax shelters,
so that when we click on our computer
and go to download some software,
we don’t know where it was produced,
and frankly, no one knows where we are
as we’re consuming it, either.
These tax-free havens
distort the GDP to such an extent
that about three years ago,
Europe looked askance at Ireland
and said, “We don’t think
you’re reporting correctly,”
and in the next year,
their GDP went up 35 percent.
Now, all that work that you’re doing
when you were at leisure and unproductive,
we can measure this,
and we can measure this
in time use surveys.
When we look at the amount
of time that’s taken
in the unpaid sector,
what we find is that in almost every
country where I’ve ever seen the data,
it is the single largest sector
of the nation’s economy.
In the last three years, for example,
the UK statistician has declared
that all of that unpaid work
is the equivalent of all manufacturing
and all retailing in the UK.
In Australia,
the single largest sector of Australia’s
economy is unpaid childcare,
and the second-largest sector
is all the rest of the unpaid work,
before banking and insurance
and financial intermediation services
clock in at the largest part
of the market sector.
Just last year, the Premier
of the Victoria state of Australia
declared that half of that state’s GDP
was, in fact, the value
of all the unpaid work.
Now, as a policy maker,
you cannot make good policy
if the single largest sector
of your nation’s economy
is not visible.
You can’t presume to know
where the needs are.
You can’t locate time poverty.
You can’t address
the most critical issues of need.
So what can go in the place of GDP?
Well, GDP has got many other problems, OK?
We don’t behave in a way that assists GDP.
Large numbers of people around the planet
are now using household assets –
their cars, their homes, themselves –
for Uber, for Airbnb.
And no, we’re not supposed to use
assets from the unpaid sector
to make money in the market sector.
This is confusing!
(Laughter)
And very difficult to measure.
So economists don’t want to know
what’s wrong with their
most important GDP,
and I think they’ve got so many problems,
they can just move off to a quiet corner
and continue to publish that
and not come anywhere near the rest of us
with this talk of capitals
and natural assets
and other ways in which to colonize
the rest of our lives.
I think time use is the most important
indicator going forward.
Every one of us has exactly
the same amount of it.
If there are going to be critical issues
as we move forward,
we need a solid database,
because whatever we change
away from the GDP,
we’re going to be stuck with it
for about 50 years,
and we need something
that’s solid and immutable
and that everybody understands,
because if I put
time use data in front of you,
you’ll immediately start nodding.
You’ll immediately start
recognizing what it means.
And, honestly,
if I put the GDP data in front of you,
a lot of you would prefer
to leave for morning tea.
(Laughter)
We also need to be looking
at the quality of our environment.
As every year goes past,
we get much better
at measuring the devastation of it,
of measuring how little
we protect anymore.
And yet, with climate change,
we don’t all have to be scientists
to see, to feel, to know
what is happening to our beautiful planet.
We need, in this country,
the paramountcy of what we can learn
from kaitiakitanga,
from whanaungatanaga,
from what Maori, who have been here
for centuries, can teach us.
When you’re in parliament,
and you’re not in
an economist’s frame of mind,
you make decisions across a range of data.
You look at the trade-offs.
You think deeply about implications
way beyond whether or not
GDP is up or down.
Economists want to turn everything
into a monetary exchange,
even time use data,
so that they can carry on
trying to decide
whether GDP is up or down.
That’s not a great way to go.
And others have said to me,
“Marilyn, why don’t you
just work on a system
that includes all the unpaid work
and the pregnancy
and the birth and the lactation
in the GDP?”
There’s a very important
moral and ethical answer to that,
and it is that I do not want
the most valuable things on earth,
the things I treasure,
sitting in an accounting framework
that thinks that war is great for growth.
(Applause and cheers)
So from now on,
whenever you listen to the news,
you’re not going to go blank
when they say GDP.
You’re going to think,
“I know what they’re talking about,
and it’s not good.”
(Laughter)
I know that there are alternatives,
and I’m going to spend my time
correcting people,
talking to them about this value base
and talking to them about
what the alternatives can be,
because humankind
and our planet
need another way.
Thank you.
(Applause and cheers)